Dr. Sara Gottfried: How to Optimize Female Hormone Health for Vitality & Longevity

[0] Welcome to the Huberman Lab podcast, where we discuss science and science -based tools for everyday life.

[1] I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine.

[2] Today, my guest is Dr. Sarah Gottfried.

[3] Dr. Sarah Gottfried is an obstetrician gynecologist who did her undergraduate training in bioengineering at the University of Washington in Seattle.

[4] She then completed her medical training at Harvard Medical School, and she currently is a clinical professor of integrative medicine and nutritional sciences at Thomas Jefferson University.

[5] She has also been a clinician treating men and women in various aspects of hormone health and longevity for more than 20 years.

[6] She is an expert in not just traditional medicine as it relates to hormones and fertility, but also nutritional practices, supplementation, and behavioral practices, and combining all of that expertise in order to help women navigate every aspect and dimension of their hormones, longevity, and vitality, ranging from puberty, to young adulthood, adulthood, perimenopause, and menopause.

[7] And nowadays, she's also treating men across the lifespan in terms of longevity, vitality, and hormone health.

[8] During today's discussion, Dr. Gottfried shares an enormous amount of information and tools that women can apply toward their hormone health, fertility, vitality, and longevity.

[9] We discussed the gut microbiome, which many people have heard about, but Dr. Gottfried points out the specific needs that women have in terms of managing their gut microbiome and the ways that that influences things like estrogen levels and metabolism, testosterone, thyroid, and growth hormone, and much more.

[10] We also discuss nutrition and exercise.

[11] We touch on how the omega -3 fatty acids play a particularly important role in managing female hormone health.

[12] Dr. Gottfried points out why women have particular needs when it comes to essential fatty acids and how best to obtain those essential fatty acids for hormone health.

[13] We also discuss exercise, and she offers some surprising information about the types and ratios of resistance training to cardiovascular training that women ought to use in order to maximize their hormone health.

[14] We also talk a lot about the digestive system.

[15] This was a surprising aspect of the conversation I did not anticipate.

[16] Dr. Gottfried shared with us, for instance, that women suffer from digestive issues at more than 10 times the frequency that do men, and fortunately that there are tools specific to women that they can use in order to overcome those digestive issues and that in overcoming those digestive issues, they can overcome many of the related hormone issues that so many women face.

[17] Dr. Gottfried also shares with you tremendous knowledge about the specific types of tests, not just blood tests, but also urine and microbiome tests that women can use in order to really get a clear understanding of their hormone status, not just of present, but also where the trajectory of their hormones is taking them.

[18] So we have an avid discussion about puberty, about young adulthood, adulthood, perimenopause, and how best to manage, and navigate perimenopause and menopause, including a discussion about hormone replacement therapy.

[19] In addition to her academic and clinical expertise, Dr. Gottfried has authored many important books on nutrition, hormones, and supplementation as it relates to women and to people generally.

[20] The two books that I'd like to highlight and that we provided links to in the show note captions are women, food, and hormones, and the hormone cure.

[21] I read the hormone cure and found it to be tremendously interesting and informative, not just in terms of teaching me about female hormone health and various treatments for female hormone health, but also as a man, trying to understand how the endocrine system interacts with mindset, nutrition, and supplementation more generally.

[22] So I highly recommend the hormone cure for anybody interested in hormones and hormone health and women, food and hormones, in particular for women.

[23] Although again, both books are going to be strongly informative for women wishing to optimize their hormone health, vitality and longevity.

[24] Before we begin, I'd like to emphasize that this podcast is separate from my teaching and research roles at Stanford.

[25] It is, however, part of my desire and effort to bring zero cost to consumer information about science and science -related tools to the general public.

[26] In keeping with that theme, I'd like to thank the sponsors of today's podcast.

[27] Our first sponsor is Element.

[28] Element is an electrolyte drink with everything you need and nothing you don't.

[29] That means plenty of salt, magnesium, and potassium, the so -called electrolytes, and no sugar.

[30] Now, salt, magnesium, and potassium are critical to the function of all the cells in your body, in particular to the function of your body, nerve cells, also called neurons.

[31] In fact, in order for your neurons to function properly, all three electrolytes need to be present in the proper ratios.

[32] And we now know that even slight reductions in electrolyte concentrations or dehydration of the body can lead to deficits in cognitive and physical performance.

[33] Element contains a science -backed electrolyte ratio of 1 ,000 milligrams, that's 1 gram of sodium, 200 milligrams of potassium and 60 milligrams of magnesium.

[34] I typically drink element first thing in the morning when I wake up in order to hydrate my body and make sure I have enough electrolytes.

[35] And while I do any kind of physical training and after physical training as well, especially if I've been sweating a lot.

[36] If you'd like to try Element, you can go to Drink Element.

[37] That's LMNT .com slash Huberman to claim a free element sample pack with your purchase.

[38] Again, that's drink element, LMNT .com slash Huberman.

[39] And now for my discussion with Dr. Sarah Gottfried.

[40] Dr. Gottfried.

[41] Sarah, welcome.

[42] Thank you.

[43] So happy to be here.

[44] Yeah, I'm delighted.

[45] and very excited to ask you about an enormous number of topics.

[46] You are expert in so so many things.

[47] So the challenge for me is going to be to constrain this walk, as it were.

[48] But I'm hoping that we can touch on a great number of things today.

[49] The first of which is really about hormones and female hormones in particular.

[50] And I have a question which is, is it ever informative for a woman regardless of age to know something about her mother's, perhaps even her grandmother's experience vis -a -vis hormones, not just pregnancy challenges with or ease with pregnancy and rearing childbirth, this sort of thing.

[51] But what sorts of conversations should women be having with themselves and with family members to get a window into what their specific needs might be.

[52] Love this question.

[53] So my work is really at the interface between genetics and environment.

[54] So your question gets to both.

[55] And I think it's essential that you understand what your grandmother went through.

[56] I'd even say your great -grandmother, depending on longevity in your family.

[57] So I grew up with my great -grandmother.

[58] I get that.

[59] And especially your mother.

[60] So I would probably start first with trauma, an intergenerational trauma, because I think that affects the endocrine system so hugely, especially cortisol signaling, but the broader pine system, psychoimmunoeroneurro -endocrine system.

[61] And then there's, you know, if I think about the stages, the life cycle that a woman goes through, if you think about puberty, I think, I don't know how genetically determined the age of is certainly there's a lot of environmental influences like toxins can affect it but um pregnancy the age at which you start to go through perimenopause menopause many of those have a genetic component so with pregnancy i mean you can certainly think the shape of the pelvis your ability to have a vaginal birth some of that is genetically determined i mean you do have the the sperm donor affecting some of that.

[62] But in my family, for instance, we have no cesarean sections.

[63] So everyone goes through this process of a relatively easy vaginal birth.

[64] I was a force -ups baby, but for the most part, you can find out about that.

[65] And then there's certain female conditions that have a very strong component genetically, most of which run in my family.

[66] So that includes and ametriosis, fibroids, I just had an hysterectomy.

[67] I had 50 plus fibroids and polycystic ovarian syndrome.

[68] And of those three, how frequent are those?

[69] And maybe I can constrain the question a little bit by saying today's discussion, I imagine it's going to be heard by men and women of all sorts of ages.

[70] So maybe I'll direct the question a little bit toward, you know, at what age should these discussions start?

[71] know, we always imagine that women in their 30s and 40s and 50s and onward should be getting certain tests and addressing things like ovarian reserve and other sorts of things.

[72] But, you know, maybe we could march through and just say, for a woman in her teens who's already hit puberty, what sorts of biomarkers, whether or not they're blood -based or phenotyping, you know, the outward appearance of, should those young women be paying attention?

[73] attention to.

[74] Likewise for women in their 20s, 30s, maybe we could take it more or less by decade, starting at puberty, assuming that woman hits puberty sometime, what, between what is it now?

[75] The average in the U .S. is somewhere between 12 and 16 years old.

[76] Do I have that right?

[77] No, you do not.

[78] Oh, great.

[79] I love to be wrong.

[80] So it used to be 12 to 16.

[81] I would say 50 years ago.

[82] It's been moving younger.

[83] And we think some of that is related to toxin exposure as I mentioned, but I was 10 when I went through puberty.

[84] So, well, I should say menarchy, and I started growing breasts much before that.

[85] So I think now I'm going to step away from the science for a moment.

[86] I'm going to do that pretty fluidly and I'll try to call it out.

[87] I think there's also a huge influence from stress and like the development of the adrenal glands.

[88] So going back to the science, the issue in teenage years is that the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, and I like to think of it broader, so stay with me, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal, gonadal of recent women, testes of men, thyroid, gut axis.

[89] So that, to me, is the control system.

[90] So I'm kind of expressing my bioengineering side here.

[91] Well, I think it's great to include the other organs and tissue systems of the body because, as we both know, that the narrow definition of just hypothalamic pituitary adrenal, it can't be just that, right?

[92] No. It can't.

[93] No. It doesn't tell the whole story.

[94] So if you look at the main sex hormones in a young woman who's in her teenage years, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal canal part of that is not fully mature.

[95] So they're more likely to skip periods, especially under stress.

[96] They have a lot of influences that really doesn't get well established until you're done with adolescence.

[97] And I'm told that adolescence now is to like age 25 to 26.

[98] I heard that and I was like, I've got two daughters.

[99] And I was thinking, that's a really long time.

[100] And not just psychologically defined or biopsychosocial?

[101] Mostly psychologically defined.

[102] I heard that from a psychologist.

[103] So biomarkers you asked about.

[104] In your teenage years, what I think is really interesting is to look at cortisol.

[105] To look at the dance between estrogen and progesterone in those years is less helpful because I think there's a lot of variability due to the immaturity of the system.

[106] If you've got someone who's got really regular periods, it's probably better to do some benchmarking at that age.

[107] But generally, I find that benchmarking is best performed in your 20s or 30s.

[108] Are periods not that regular in terms of duration of the menstrual cycle when the menstrual cycle first sets in?

[109] It depends.

[110] So I was like clockwork every 28 days until I had my hysterectomy in August.

[111] Same thing with my daughters.

[112] I've got two daughters.

[113] One, 17, the other is 23.

[114] For a lot of women, they're not regular.

[115] And then there's the whole piece of oral contraceptives and other forms of contraception where you have no idea what the normal cycle is.

[116] And I hope we'll have some time to talk a little bit about oral contraceptives because I think it is, this is no opinion again and not science.

[117] I think it is the number one endocrinopathy that is iatrogenic for women.

[118] We will definitely talk about it.

[119] I get a lot of questions about oral contraceptives in the social media space and also questions about IUDs quite a lot.

[120] Totally.

[121] In particular, copper IUDs, non -hormonal IUDs.

[122] So we will definitely touch on that.

[123] I'm an IUD crusader, so I just want to give you that warning.

[124] You're a fan.

[125] Do I have that right?

[126] Or you're anti -IUD?

[127] I am a huge fan.

[128] Which IUDs in particular?

[129] So I like copper because it's non -hormonal.

[130] It's as effective as getting your tubes tied.

[131] Who would have thought?

[132] Right.

[133] I mean, it's that toxic to the sperm mobility.

[134] Is that how it works?

[135] That's my understanding of it, is that it basically, it's like a more or less an electric fence to the sperm cap and just that's it.

[136] Electric fence is a bit of a harsh analogy, but I'll work with that.

[137] But it's, you know, to have something that can last for 10 years so that you really have complete autonomy and sovereignty over your sexual life, that's profound.

[138] And to not get all those downstream risks they're associated with birth control pill.

[139] The other thing that's important to know about it, I know this is a Cyborg.

[140] Women who use the copper IUD have the highest satisfaction rate of anyone on contraceptives, the highest satisfaction rate.

[141] And yet, it is the least used of all forms of contraception.

[142] Now, my favorite is vasectomy.

[143] But short of vasectomy, I think the IED is a really great choice.

[144] There are some risks associated with it.

[145] I'm not saying it's risk -free.

[146] But I love the IED.

[147] And I love it for younger women, too, because it used to be that when I went through my training, which was 30 years ago, we were told, you know, don't put it in someone who hasn't had a baby.

[148] And that is patriarchal messaging.

[149] But getting back to your original question, which is about biomarkers per decade, in your 20s, that's when you want to do some base casing with estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.

[150] So I think it's really helpful to know about this tango.

[151] You're from Argentina or your father.

[152] I have Argentine lineage.

[153] Yes.

[154] My grandparents did tango into their late 80s.

[155] I am in my late 40s and I still haven't started.

[156] So I suppose there's time.

[157] It might be time for you to like that.

[158] Okay.

[159] And it might be a factor in their longevity.

[160] Did they have good health span?

[161] They did.

[162] And my grandfather smoked cigarettes daily, remained mentally sharp until he died in his late 90s, but almost burned down their apartment several times falling asleep with a cigarette in his mouth.

[163] So I don't recommend anyone smoke, by the way.

[164] But it was coffee, matte, red meat, and cigarettes.

[165] then they lived into their 90s.

[166] So that side of my family has the genetic advantage.

[167] The other side, less so.

[168] But in any event, tango is a 20 -23 goal.

[169] It has been every year.

[170] I'm going to hold you accountable to that.

[171] Okay, we'll do.

[172] And no, there will be no YouTube video of me doing tango.

[173] At least not initially.

[174] Tim Ferriss, actually, phenomenal podcaster, as we know, is a badass.

[175] He's a badass tango dancer.

[176] I know this through various sources.

[177] Yes.

[178] I've seen.

[179] Yeah.

[180] So this tango between estrogen and progesterone is incredibly important.

[181] You want to have the right lead.

[182] You want to have the right follow between the two hormones.

[183] Again, I'm stepping away from my science happen.

[184] But what happens a lot of the time is that estrogen dominates in that tango.

[185] And when that happens, it sets you up for greater risk of fibroids, endometriosis, breast pain, probably in association with the microbiome and the ostrobelome.

[186] Can you familiarize me with the astroblome?

[187] I'm delighted to know that I don't recognize the term.

[188] Yeah.

[189] So the astrobalome is the set of microbes in, and their DNA, their DNA mostly, in the gut microbiome, that set of microbes in their DNA.

[190] So it's in the, if you look at the totality, the subset of particular, bacteria modulate estrogen levels.

[191] So a lot of this work was spearheaded by Martin Blazer.

[192] And what we know is that there are some women who have an esterblum that makes them have a greater risk of certain estrogen -mediated conditions like breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and in men, prostate cancer.

[193] So the estrobom is incredibly important There's not a lot of attention paid to it, but I always think in terms of my patients, you know, could this be someone who's got a faulty astrobalome and we need to adjust it with, you know, some of the microbiome modulating nutrients, nutraceuticals that we have so that they're less likely to have that tango that's not working with estrogen and protesterone.

[194] So getting back to the biomarkers, if you gave me. an unlimited budget, which I kind of have with some of my clients that I work with now, what I would want to know is estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and I want the timing right for that.

[195] I'd want to know about DHEA and sort of the whole antigen pathway.

[196] I'd want to know about the metabolites of estrogen because some of them are protective and very helpful.

[197] Others are a bit like Homer Simpson.

[198] I mean, they are, are just like causing all kinds of problems in your body, increasing the risk of quinones, like DNA damage, and potentially an increased risk of breast cancer, although that data, I think, is mixed.

[199] I'd also like to know about their stool, so I want to know about the microbiome.

[200] So the best that we have right now is to look when we do stool testing, and I do a lot of stool testing.

[201] We can look at things like beta glucuronidase.

[202] Are you familiar with B -G?

[203] I'm familiar with it as a term.

[204] And so for those listening, very often, not always when you hear an ACE, ASE, you're dealing with an enzyme.

[205] So we can take a stab there.

[206] And it sounds like it's somehow involved in glucose metabolism of some sort, or is it?

[207] Glucuronidation.

[208] So it's involved in when you produce estrogen in the body, this is like the simplified version.

[209] But when you produce estrogen, you are meant.

[210] to use it, like send it to the receptors where it's meant to go, and then lose it.

[211] Like, you don't want to keep recirculating estrogen like bad karma, and that's what happens with people who have high beta -glucronidase.

[212] So it's this enzyme that's produced by three bacteria in particular in the gut.

[213] And I see a lot of men and women who have elevated beta -glucronidase, and then they have some estrogen dominance related to that.

[214] Is that the total reason?

[215] We don't really know.

[216] But it's one of the drivers.

[217] It's one of the levers.

[218] And it can be detected from a microbiome, aka stool sample.

[219] That's right.

[220] And in terms of blood testing or various tests for these other biomarkers, getting estrogen, testosterone, and other ratios, I realize there are people have different means, financial means, but in general, people wanting to do a blood test, it sounds like they're going to need to do it, what women will need to do it at different stages of their menstrual cycle.

[221] if they had to pick one, you know, either in the follicular phase or in the ludial stage of their ovarian menstrual cycle, excuse me, ovulatory menstrual cycle, when would you suggest they do that if they had to pick one?

[222] So if you forced me to pick one, I would say probably day 21 to 22 for someone in her 20s.

[223] So we're focused right now in that decade.

[224] So for most women, they've got a menstrual cycle date that averages out at 20, 28 days.

[225] So this is about a week before they start their period.

[226] For women or more irregular, it's harder to do that.

[227] As women get older, and we'll talk about this in a moment, usually the cycle gets a little shorter.

[228] So as they start to decline in their progesterum production, their period gets a little closer together.

[229] Like mine before August was about every 26 days.

[230] so at that point you want to test sooner like day 1920 and I'm not talking about blood tests so a blood test is the cheapest thing it's usually what's covered by insurance but my preference would be to do dried urine I like to use saliva for cortisol I like to use dried urine so that I get metabolomics in addition to the levels of these hormones and if I'm forced to I'll use blood testing and that's certainly the gold standard for all of these hormones.

[231] that we're talking about, but it's not as comprehensive.

[232] And as you know, it's a quick little snapshot while the needles in your vein for, you know, 30 seconds.

[233] Yeah, the salivary cortisol makes sense to me because my understanding is that you get free cortisol, which is the active cortisol.

[234] You said with urine, you're also getting the metabolites.

[235] That's right.

[236] And then for blood testing, you're getting sort of a crude window into the averages.

[237] A static, total level.

[238] So let me go back and say one other thing about biomarkers.

[239] A big part of the testing that I do in phenotyping my patients, I practice precision medicine, so I like to almost start with nutritional testing.

[240] I don't think I've ever had a teenager.

[241] I've got some NBA players that are 19, 20, 21, so maybe those count.

[242] But those are men, obviously.

[243] But for nutritional testing, that would be potentially a helpful thing to do in your 20s.

[244] It becomes less important as you get older and you develop more micronutrient deficiencies, but micronutrients play a huge role in terms of hormone production, magnesium.

[245] You know, the magnesium is hugely involved in the way that you get rid of estrogen as an example.

[246] So micronutrient testing, what I usually do is a combination of blood and urine.

[247] And so I'm looking at all of the micronutrients that we can measure that have some clinical scientific basis behind them.

[248] If I could do that for a teenager, I think it might be helpful because I recently gave a lecture on breast cancer risk reduction.

[249] Another quick sidebar.

[250] And I was sad to find that intake of vegetables, polyphenols, is such an important predictor of future risk of breast cancer, like when you're 50, 60 plus.

[251] And the most important time is when you're a teenager.

[252] Now, I have one daughter that eats vegetables.

[253] She loves them.

[254] And I have another daughter who eats food that's beige.

[255] And it's very hard to get her to eat the volume of vegetables, you know, five colors a day, which is what I do.

[256] And if you have evidence that you could show a 17 -year -old that they've got micronutrient gaps, I think that would be a motivator for them to eat differently at a time when it's so critical, even though it's 25 years in the future that it's going to potentially change this arc that they're on.

[257] What do you do for a young woman who doesn't like vegetables or is not somehow able or willing to get those five colors a day of vegetable to help support the microbiome are supplements a useful tool in that case?

[258] What other sorts of tools, behavioral or otherwise, are useful?

[259] Such a good question.

[260] So here I'm going to invoke Rob Knight at UCSD.

[261] So I think his gut project has really been helpful in terms of understanding what kind of modulators are going to be important.

[262] So what I try to get that person to do, and I don't see many teens anymore other than NBA players, what I try to get them to do is to have a smoothie.

[263] Very hard to get them to have a smoothie every day.

[264] But if I could get them to have a smoothie three times a week and to throw some of these vegetables in, that makes a huge difference.

[265] I mean, we know that makes a difference in terms of microbiome change.

[266] She should be a blending up broccoli or kale cauliflower.

[267] So cauliflower is great.

[268] They're putting things into the smoothie.

[269] Yeah, I don't know if you can get a teenager to do that.

[270] But they often will use, like I have them do steambrows.

[271] broccoli that's in the freezer because it's got very little taste.

[272] So that, they could do that in a chocolate smoothie.

[273] They could add some greens.

[274] I like greens.

[275] powders are super convenient.

[276] So that with, you know, kind of a taste that they like, whether that's chocolate, which is what most of my clients want, or, you know, vanilla with berries and that sort of thing.

[277] So that can go a long way if you don't like vegetables.

[278] And short of that, I would say some supplements, but I would say that's a distant second to making a smoothie.

[279] I've got one patient that I have to mention because he took this to the extreme.

[280] So he's a retired physicist professor at UCSD.

[281] He found out that his microbiome was a hot mess and developed autoimmune disease.

[282] And so he became hellbent, like only a physicist could, on changing his microbiome.

[283] And he dramatically shifted.

[284] And he dramatically did it by having a smoothie every day with 57 vegetables and fruits in it.

[285] 57 independent.

[286] 57 independent.

[287] So, I mean, this just warms my heart the way that he did this.

[288] But he would go to the farmer's market.

[289] He would just get a bunch of this, a bunch of that, and he would go home, make the smoothie, and then stick it in the freezer.

[290] So he'd have a serving every day.

[291] and he became a completely different person based on this microbiome change.

[292] His autoimmune disease is in remission.

[293] He dropped a huge amount of weight.

[294] He went from being kind of this phenotype that I know you know well of a professor, high performing, traveling around the world on so many boards, so much innovation, so many great ideas, supercomputer guy, to being someone who gets up in the morning, gets in his hot tub, exercises for like one to two hours a day, and then does a little work.

[295] Like he completely shifted the way that he lives.

[296] And his microbiome shift, you know, who knows what's the chicken and what's the egg there?

[297] But he had a huge change in his physiology.

[298] Glucose went from being quite high.

[299] He had, and he tracks all of this, of course.

[300] It's like on a stupid.

[301] Right.

[302] And retired.

[303] suppose might have had and he's retired but he's he's got the longest time series of anyone I know and he's tracked his glucose and insulin going back 20 years so he can show you okay here's where I started having my smoothie and here's how my glucose and insulin changed as a result of that I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors athletic greens athletic greens now called AG1 is a vitamin mineral probiotic drink that covers all of your foundational nutritional needs.

[304] I've been taking athletic greens since 2012, so I'm delighted that they're sponsoring the podcast.

[305] The reason I started taking athletic greens and the reason I still take athletic greens once or usually twice a day is that it gets to be the probiotics that I need for gut health.

[306] Our gut is very important.

[307] It's populated by gut microbiota that communicate with the brain, the immune system, and basically all the biological systems of our body to strongly impact our immediate and long -term health.

[308] And those probiotics and athletic greens are optimal and vital for microbiotic health.

[309] In addition, Athletic Greens contains a number of adaptogens, vitamins, and minerals that make sure that all of my foundational and nutritional needs are met, and it tastes great.

[310] If you'd like to try Athletic Greens, you can go to Athletic Greens .com slash Huberman, and they'll give you five free travel packs that make it really easy to mix up athletic greens while you're on the road, in the car, on the plane, et cetera.

[311] And they'll give you a year's supply of vitamin D3K2.

[312] Again, that's athletic greens .com slash Hewberman.

[313] to get the five free travel packs and the year's supply of vitamin D3 K2.

[314] Is there a case for, I'll say young women, but young women and men using over -the -counter probiotics as a way to enhance the microbiome?

[315] This is something I hear about a lot.

[316] I've heard that excessive doses of capsule probiotics can give a brain fog -like condition.

[317] I personally don't use capsule probiotics unless I feel like my system is under a significant amount of stress, in which case I might add that in for brief periods of time, or if I've just taken antibiotics for a period of time, do you ever recommend that the college student or the high school student that she or he take capsule probiotics, assuming that they're getting, let's say, three to five servings of vegetables per day, either in smoothie form or some other form, what are your thoughts on supplementing probiotics?

[318] It sounds like such a simple question.

[319] It is such a complex answer, and I don't think we really have the answer.

[320] So I'll tell you the way that I approach it.

[321] I look for randomized trials to support my use of probiotics, and frankly, I'm underwhelmed.

[322] So I've seen some data, if I invoke my MBA players for a moment, almost every player I've tested has increased intestinal permeability.

[323] They just have such a high training load, probably mediated by cortisol, very high glucose when they drain, that they have increased intestinal permeability.

[324] So those tight junctions in their intestine become loose.

[325] They develop a lot of inflammation as a result of that.

[326] And when you're a professional MBA player and you're making 20 million a year, like you don't want a lot of inflammation.

[327] You want a little bit to like help your muscles recover, but you don't want it to be adding to problems when you develop an injury.

[328] So this is leaky gut.

[329] Leaky gut.

[330] I don't love that term, but yeah, we'll use it here.

[331] So there's a particular probiotic that is helpful in athletes with leaky gut.

[332] So that's the kind of specificity and randomized trial that I'm looking for.

[333] The rest of it, I think there's support if you find help from it.

[334] As you described, if you take a course of antibiotics, I mean, first of all, I would question whether you need them.

[335] But there's a kind of place.

[336] There have been instances where they've been prescribed and I took them, mostly in the past.

[337] I was in college.

[338] They seemed like they kind of gave them out.

[339] You had a science infection.

[340] give you antibiotics using like yeah the worst treatment ever yeah so if you're coming off of antibiotics i think that's a good time to do what we call replacement dose probiotics i think what's far more interesting is prebiotics i think the data is much better for prebiotics and um the selective use of polyphenols how would a person in their teens and 20s or any age for that matter know whether or not they have nutritional deficiencies.

[341] What is the best way to analyze if one is getting enough magnesium?

[342] And for that matter, what is going to be the best way to test the microbiome?

[343] You said stool sample, and I'll come right back with the same question I asked about a blood test, what time of day, when during the month, to establish this a baseline.

[344] So this would be prior to embarking on 97 vegetables or how many weeks per day.

[345] I was only 57.

[346] Well, I love the idea that you're telling us, if I'm gathering correctly, is that, yes, there's a case for probiotics, but for the typical person, regardless of age, eating more vegetables or drinking more vegetables, as the case may be, is going to be beneficial for the gut microbiome, perhaps without the need to go test whether or not one is making a certain number of estrogen -related metabolites or not.

[347] Just that that's a great starting place, eat or consume more vegetables.

[348] But if one wants to analyze their gut microbiome, are there good tests?

[349] available to the general public.

[350] I'm not going to name companies, but I've been tracking this over the years, and it's never been clear to me that we know what constituents of the gut microbiome are best.

[351] You know, we know that dysbiosis is bad, and we know that diversity of the microbiome is good.

[352] We hear this.

[353] But no one's ever told me that you want a particular ratio of one microbiota to another in a way that has made any sense to me, at least.

[354] I'm not a microbiologist, but whereas with, you know, with testosterone and men, we hear, okay, you want your free testosterone to be about 2 % of your total, perhaps.

[355] With women, women are going to have more testosterone than estrogen on average, but still less than men when you look at testosterone, et cetera, et cetera.

[356] But you can get some crude measures.

[357] But for the microbiome, it just seems like long lists of microbiota for which I just get dizzy.

[358] I just, if you just wrote out a bunch of eyes and Ls and S's, you'd kind of halfway.

[359] You're getting a bit the same information.

[360] I'm not trying to to poke at that field.

[361] It's a beautiful field.

[362] But they haven't told me what my microbiota ought to look like.

[363] Like what's a healthy microbiome chart?

[364] Well, that's because we don't know.

[365] I mean, the best we have is Rob Knight's work.

[366] But even that is limited in terms of, you know, can I tell you that a woman in her 20 should have this particular pattern with her microbiome?

[367] No, I can't.

[368] So let me go to your first question because I think you just asked about six.

[369] Your first question is about nutritional testing.

[370] What I like to do with nutritional testing is run a panel that's looking at antioxidants, so like vitamin A, vitamin C, alpha lipoic acid, plant -based antioxidants, because you can measure that in the blood.

[371] I like to look at some of the key vitamins, especially the B vitamin range, because as you probably know, if you've got a particular genetic, Polymorphism, C might be less likely to be absorbing the right level of vitamin B9, folate, vitamin B12, et cetera.

[372] I'm also looking, going back to the antioxidants at glutathione, because I think that's such an important lever when it comes to detoxification, which we haven't talked about yet.

[373] And then I'm looking at some of the minerals.

[374] Magnesium is really the most important, and we know that somewhere around 78 % of Americans are deficient in magnesium.

[375] That's like the lowest hanging fruit.

[376] I would be curious, for instance, like with magnesium, if that number of people are deficient, does that mean that that number of people should be targeting their nutrition towards foods that contain magnesium and or supplementing with magnesium?

[377] And if so, what forms of magnesium?

[378] We've talked about mag -3 and eight for sleep.

[379] There's a mag citrate.

[380] There's so many forms.

[381] It can be a little bit of overwhelming to people.

[382] So any detail in sourcing, I would appreciate it.

[383] Great.

[384] So first, in terms of testing, what I prefer to do is to mention more than in one lab and more than one brand.

[385] And I can just, I'm speaking mostly from experience.

[386] So for testing, I do a lot of Genova neutrails.

[387] During the pandemic, they developed an at -home test.

[388] Normally with a neutral valve, you have to get your blood drawn and you have to do a urine sample.

[389] So a lot of people can't do that.

[390] The great thing about this test is your insurance usually pays for most of it.

[391] And so the copay is about $150.

[392] So during the pandemic, they developed another test called metabolomics, which does much of the same testing, but it's a finger prick.

[393] So most of my patients prefer that.

[394] In fact, they haven't gone back to the neutral valve.

[395] Second lab is spectrocell.

[396] I use spectrocell occasionally.

[397] I find it not quite as easy in terms of fitting into my practice, but I've got friends and mentors like Mark Houston, who does a lot of kind of, kind of, kind of, precision, cardiometabolic health, he thinks spectrocell is the best test out there.

[398] So you asked about magnesium.

[399] You have to measure red blood cell magnesium, like whole blood.

[400] And with deficiency, it's interesting with supplementation for my patients who tend toward constipation, and that's frankly about 80 % of the women that I take care of.

[401] Really?

[402] Yes.

[403] Wow.

[404] I'd be curious as to why that.

[405] that is, is it, I can guess, a diet, stress, patriarchy, rage, that they may not know about.

[406] So, pine, the pine system.

[407] Psychology, immunology, neural and endocrine factors combined, is that?

[408] Yes.

[409] And then I would say there's another factor, which is being female is a health hazard.

[410] So we've twice the rate of depression, insomnia.

[411] We've got three to four X increased risk of multiple sclerosis.

[412] We've got five to eight times the risk of thyroid dysfunction.

[413] So if you just look at that and you look at subtle preclinical thyroid dysfunction, a huge number of the women that I take care of, well, let me pack off.

[414] A large number of the women that I take care of have thyroid dysfunction that's contributing to constipation.

[415] And if we go back to that control system, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal thyroid genital gut axis, and they have a lot of perceived stress together with this borderline thyroid function that no mainstream medicine doctor has told her is a problem.

[416] And then she's got a problem with the tango between estrogen and progesterone.

[417] She's going to tend toward constipation.

[418] Women have a lot more constipation than men.

[419] The gut is about 10 feet longer in women compared to men.

[420] We should talk about some sex and gender differences and define those.

[421] And they are much more likely to have a torturous colon.

[422] And the way you know that is you get a colonoscopy and they tell you, yeah, it's really hard to get in there and do what we need to do.

[423] As a brief tangent, but I think this is the time to ask, at what age now do physicians insist their female patients get colonoscopies?

[424] For men, I think the age used to be 50.

[425] Now it's getting ratcheted back to 45 or 40.

[426] Again, these are recommendations, not requirements, but they're pretty strong recommendations depending on where you live, et cetera.

[427] For women, how early do you think they should get a colonoscopy to explore for possible polyps and or colon cancer?

[428] Yeah, it's a really good question.

[429] I don't know the answer.

[430] So what I've always operated with is 50.

[431] The way that I answer that is to go to the U .S. Preventive Task Force.

[432] to determine based on their synthesis of the data, what age is the most appropriate.

[433] Has it changed, as you just described from men, from 50 to younger?

[434] I don't know.

[435] So we should back check that.

[436] All these additional health hazards for women, you mentioned some of the, you broadly mentioned psychological impact, right?

[437] And of course, these things are all related, psychology, immunology.

[438] And one of the, I think, wonderful things about neuroscience and, you know, science in general in medicine is that there's now an understanding that all the organs are connected to one another it's a network it's a network and that the microbiome sits at at a key node within that network and i think most people accept that now yes yeah that seems to be a theme that at least in the last 10 years is really wonderful because um certainly for neuroscience it was thought that you know unless it's in the cranial vault it's not neural which is ridiculous because there's lots of nervous system outside the skull.

[439] But in any case, can I interrupt for a second?

[440] Yes, please.

[441] So I think you're right that there's an understanding about the network effect.

[442] But I think that as much as I love mainstream medicine and I trained in it and I'm so grateful for my education, I still think it is a silo -based way of taking care of patients.

[443] So even if there's an understanding of a network effect more at the science level or as you described in neuroscience, there's still, you know, if you are a woman who has constipation, fatigue, maybe an autoimmune condition, feel stressed out all the time, feel like your hormones are out of whack, you get sent to the gastroenterologist for the constipation, you get sent to the rheumatologist for your autoimmune issues, you maybe get sent to an endocrinologist if you've got thyroid problems.

[444] And there's very little collaboration between these groups.

[445] So even though there's an understanding of the network effect, in real life, it's not happening.

[446] Let's go deeper down that path, because you point out something really important.

[447] And you've mentioned constipation a few times.

[448] Can we view constipation as a serious enough symptom that it warrants an immediate intervention that is does it flag or signal problems that are severe enough that that should be the issue that's dealt with for anybody that's experiencing it and i mean sort of an odd topic for many people because they think oh you know bowel movements and sort of you know there's that kind of pre -adolescent humor around this but i think it's it's so important what you're what i'm hearing you say is that constipation is far more common in women and it signals a general set many problems occurring Does that mean that women should address constipation?

[449] And if so, what's the best way to address constipation?

[450] Yeah, I love this question because you're doing, can we have a quick little meta conversation?

[451] So you're doing something that I knew you would do, which is you're teaching me something and you're changing, like there's a social genomics thing happening where you're changing my thought about this.

[452] So I just wanted to acknowledge that.

[453] Thank you.

[454] Thank you.

[455] Well, I think for me, you know, when I hear that there's a kind of, you know, you're talking about, a phenotype, constipation is a phenotype, it's one that people generally don't wear a t -shirt explaining it to people, but that I'm guessing anything to do with sexual health, bowel health, urology, people just don't talk about for all sorts of reasons.

[456] And those reasons are probably so obvious that they're not even worth discussing.

[457] And also because we won't change them except by talking about them.

[458] So if you say women are far more constipated, and that's signaling a larger set of problems, then my immediate thought is, well, relieving constipation, pun intended retroactively, will that assist in a great number of issues and or will it get them down the road of thinking about those other issues more specifically?

[459] Like, do I need more magnesium or should I be putting vegetables in my smoothie?

[460] So I'm curious about constipation as a target for intervention that then opens up a bunch of other discussions because there are these certain nodes in the, in the mental health, physical health space that when someone, you know, like we talk a lot of deliberate cold exposure.

[461] Do I think it's magic?

[462] No. But I think that if someone's getting themselves into a cold shower once a day, it opens up a number of questions about themselves and reveals a number of things to themselves.

[463] I'm like, how do I buffer stress?

[464] Yeah.

[465] What sorts of levels of control do I actually have and on and on?

[466] So perhaps not the best example.

[467] But some of us hate cold exposure.

[468] Right.

[469] Which is probably, we have like a gene that makes us stress out like you wouldn't believe which I would argue makes it very likely that even 10 seconds of cold exposure gets you the effect that you want as opposed to someone who adores cold exposure like a penguin needs a lot more cold exposure for it to have the adaptive response anyway that's my way of gumbing through that quite you're you're quite correct so so let's answer this question the constipation issue yeah so this is how you're changing the way I think about this so you're asking okay instead of looking at constipation as a constellation of symptoms, what about if you just used it on its own as sort of a key indicator or signal of dysfunction with my network or maybe something broader?

[470] And I think that's right.

[471] So it makes me think of a few things.

[472] It makes me, you're also changing this book that I'm writing on autoimmunity and trauma.

[473] So thank you for that.

[474] So women experience more trauma than men.

[475] This is well established.

[476] If you look at the ACE studies that were done by the CDC and Kaiser in 1998, we know that men, for the most part, middle -aged men have about 50 % of them experience significant trauma as defined by the ACE questionnaire.

[477] Women are at 60%.

[478] And that's pretty durable since 1998.

[479] So women have more.

[480] they have different forms of abuse, much more likely to have sexual abuse.

[481] They have a different HPA response than men.

[482] Their perceived stress tends to be higher, and I'm generalizing for a population.

[483] Side note, you know, in precision medicine, we don't do that.

[484] We do medicine for the individual, not the population, not medicine for the average.

[485] And so if you look at the physiology of a female, I think that constipation and that need to like control and restrain and hold things in, you know, tighten the anal sphincter, I think that's part of the physiology.

[486] So I'm veering away from the science, but I do think that it is a really important signal to pay a lot of attention to.

[487] Now, you also asked about microbiome testing.

[488] Should we do that or do you?

[489] Yeah, well, I have a couple more questions about constipation.

[490] I never thought I'd ask this many questions about constipation, but now I'm fascinated.

[491] By the way, also this morning, I taught medical students at Stanford about the fact that we are basically a series of tubes.

[492] So you talked about the anal sphincter.

[493] We are a set of sphincters from one end to the other.

[494] I mean, we are a set of tubes, a nervous system being one of those tubes.

[495] And I think in Eastern medicine, they talk about the various locks between those tubes in chambers.

[496] And it's not without coincidence.

[497] There's some real wisdom there, of course.

[498] Wait, did you just talk about energetic anatomy?

[499] more or less.

[500] I didn't say the word chakras, but I might in passing.

[501] Well, it's the bondas that you work with.

[502] The bond us, right, are the, are the, are the, the, the sphincters.

[503] Yes.

[504] Yes, that's right.

[505] Thank you for that.

[506] The, so what defines constipation?

[507] I mean, in other words, let's, let's think about the healthy, rather than think about the unhealthy, let's, how many bowel movements should a woman or a man have per day, assuming, and this is where it gets tricky, because some people are doing time restricted feeding, some people are eating more, some people are more fiber, more bulk, larger meal at the end of the day, larger meal at the beginning of the day.

[508] We will never be able to sort out all those variables.

[509] But on average, how many bowel movements and is timing during the day for bowel movements at all informative?

[510] What works for you?

[511] Well, when I'm asleep, generally I don't want a bowel movement.

[512] So I'm going to be like most people, right?

[513] Well, sleep is primary for you.

[514] Right, exactly.

[515] I always assumed that morning time was a, was a healthy time for bowel movements.

[516] And I think almost everybody, babies included, recognize the feeling of being lighter and more energetic when they've evacuated their colon.

[517] Totally.

[518] In fact, so much so that I'm obsessed with Jungian and Freudian psychology that the first thing we learn when we come into this world, right, is that we want something, we feel some sort of autonomic arousal stress, whether or not it's food or warmth or the need to have a bowel movement.

[519] And one of the first things that parents learn is how to recognize that, not by the odor coming from the diaper, but by the look on the baby's face or their agitation.

[520] Agitation signals the need for some sort of relief, right?

[521] Temperature, relief, food relief, evacuating the bowel relief.

[522] So my understanding is that as autonomic arousal increases in the early part of the day, ideally after a good night's sleep, that bowel movements become more likely, unless that arousal becomes so great that then people feel so quote unquote locked up.

[523] Right.

[524] Because of the balance of the autonomics features.

[525] So early day, I'm guessing, and again in the second half of the day, and here I'm totally guessing, and certainly not having to wake in the middle of the night.

[526] Yeah, those are my best guesses.

[527] That's great.

[528] So I would agree with that.

[529] When I was at Harvard Medical School in UCSF for residency, I was taught that constipation is having a bowel movement less frequently than once every three days.

[530] So I don't think I've ever laughed out loud on this podcast as a consequence of textbook medical knowledge.

[531] Are you kidding me?

[532] Is that ridiculous?

[533] Well, that sounds like, and here pun intended, that sounds like the conclusion of some very...

[534] Constipated person.

[535] Emotionally and in other ways, constipated individuals.

[536] And again, this might seem like an odd conversation, but the discussion around constipation is present in psychological literature, because of this relationship to the autonomic system.

[537] Well, it's a metaphor in literature.

[538] It's crucial.

[539] So you spoke to a number of different threads that I think are important here.

[540] So that's the definition that I learned.

[541] And I was, I heard that and I was like, hell no, that doesn't work for me. It doesn't work for anyone I know.

[542] And I spent a lot of time, especially in medical school and in my internship, where you rotate on medicine, disimpacting women, like older women who come in who haven't had a bowel movement in a month.

[543] Whoa.

[544] And let me tell you, that is not nice for anybody.

[545] Believe me, I became a scientist and I a physician for a number of reasons, both positive and negative.

[546] That's one of them.

[547] Yeah.

[548] So my definition of constipation as a Western, mostly white girl, is that if you're not having a bowel movement every single morning and you have a feeling of complete evacuation, anything less than that is constipation.

[549] So that's how I define it.

[550] If you're in India and you're eating food that's got a fair amount of microbes in it, it's less, you know, sanitary.

[551] I'm using that word as carefully as I can.

[552] Generally, they have a bowel movement after every meal.

[553] But they've got a microbiome, they're exposed to different microbes.

[554] Here in the U .S., I would say once a day.

[555] You also spoke to something very important, which is the balance between the parasympathetic nervous system, rest and digest and poop, versus the sympathetic nervous system, kind of the on button, you know, fight, flight, freeze, fawn.

[556] So I think for those of us who've got issues with autonomic balance, it can lead to constipation.

[557] And I like that constipation could be pulled out and kind of writ larger as an important signal.

[558] What sorts of tools do you recommend people use to relieve constipation in eating more fiber?

[559] Sounds like reducing stress is going to be a huge one.

[560] Yes.

[561] What are your favorite stress reduction tools?

[562] I like to divide these into real -time tools.

[563] So a big proponent of like physiological sighing, real -time, you know, these sorts of things, but things that can really lower the baseline on stress overall to facilitate constipation and other broad indicators of health.

[564] So I'm not a fan of lowering stress.

[565] I'm a fan of lowering perceived stress.

[566] And I think the distinction is really important.

[567] I learned when I was in my 30s that I was a massive stress case and I didn't know it.

[568] It was just sort of, I think I, through residency, through working 120 hours a week, I just was so accustomed and sort of entrained.

[569] That was 120.

[570] Not under 20, folks.

[571] Yeah.

[572] Not unusual in medicine.

[573] Well, they've changed training so that you work no more than 80 hours a week now, but that was before my time.

[574] So I became accustomed to a massive amount of cortisol, massive.

[575] And I would say I've spent the past 20 years really working on perceived stress to find, I think all of us need an all -a -cart menu of what is most effective.

[576] So what works for me now at my age is different than, you know, the TM I did as a college student, Transcendental Meditation.

[577] It's different than the, I became a certified yoga teacher when I was in my 30s.

[578] That is very effective for a lot of people.

[579] It wasn't enough for my matrix.

[580] I do holotropic breath work.

[581] I didn't read it, but I saw that she just had a paper and sell on your sign.

[582] and it made me think, like, teach me how to sigh.

[583] Teach me how to sigh.

[584] Like, can you say a little bit about that?

[585] Sure.

[586] How do you do it?

[587] Yeah, very briefly, that study was we wanted to find a minimal effective dose intervention.

[588] Yeah, five minutes.

[589] So I just wanted, yeah, so five minutes a day.

[590] We need to figure out what people will do every day.

[591] Yeah.

[592] And we were monitoring subjective mood, et cetera, but also biometrics remotely.

[593] So it's kind of a nice study.

[594] Which biometrics?

[595] HRV.

[596] HRV, nighttime sleep.

[597] Cortisol?

[598] I wish.

[599] So this was done during the pandemic.

[600] More than 100 subjects.

[601] The advantage was that we got data 24 hours a day because they're pinging us in their data wearing H .R .B. 24?

[602] Yeah.

[603] Nice.

[604] So that was nice.

[605] Resting heart rate.

[606] Subjective mood, we would get in touch with them daily.

[607] So when people were swapped between groups like any good study, but five minutes a day of sort of standard, if you will, forgive me. Meditations are just sitting, no instructions about how to breathe, just focusing on.

[608] closing their eyes and focusing on focusing.

[609] Another group did box breathing, inhale hold, exhale hold for equal durations.

[610] The duration of each of those inhales and holds was set by their carbon dioxide tolerance.

[611] So somewhere between three and eight seconds, depending on how well they regulate to carbon dioxide.

[612] Another group did cyclic sighing.

[613] So this would be double inhale through the nose.

[614] So big inhale through the nose, followed by it to lungs empty exhale.

[615] That second inhale after the first big lung inhale through the nose is really important because it makes sure that all the collapsed avioli lungs snap open and then the exhale you offload a lot of carbon dioxide.

[616] That's very similar to holotropic breathwork.

[617] Yes, not unlike holotropic breathwork, a little bit pranayama -ish, but the exhale is rather passive as opposed to active.

[618] And then the fourth category was cyclic hyperventilation, which is a lot like Tumo, a .k. Wimhoff -ish breathing, different than Wimhoff breathing.

[619] So this would be, so very active inhales and exhales.

[620] Every 25 cycles of inhale exhale, that would be one cycle.

[621] Long exhale, hold lungs empty, 15 to 30 seconds, then repeat for about five minutes.

[622] Everyone did that for five minutes.

[623] And what we found was that the cyclic sighing led to the greatest improvements in mood around the clock, not just around the practice or during the practice, as well as lowered, resting heart rate, improvements in sleep, et cetera.

[624] And you got to publish and sell.

[625] It's so amazing.

[626] We were very fortunate.

[627] I think that thankfully the reviewers and editors understood that these minimal intervention things hopefully are going to be of use to people.

[628] So useful to people.

[629] I mean, how often do you read a paper like that that could offer a behavior change that is so easy to implement?

[630] I mean, I love that question.

[631] Thank you.

[632] So what about, did you tell them not to drink?

[633] Because alcohol has such a huge effect on HRV.

[634] Yeah.

[635] So in this case, we didn't tell them to alter anything else about their behavior.

[636] Just hoping it was background kind of across the same all groups.

[637] Yes.

[638] And some were Stanford students, others were from the general population.

[639] Any frat boys that were drinking heavily?

[640] Probably not.

[641] Well, during the pandemic, I think alcohol intake went way up across the board.

[642] I mean, if I had a magic wand, I would ask that people either not drink or drink two drinks per week.

[643] week maximum.

[644] At least that's my understanding of the literature.

[645] Are you familiar with the WOOP data with alcohol?

[646] No, but we have a collaboration with WOOP through that paper.

[647] Yeah.

[648] And it certainly disrupts patterns of nighttime sleep.

[649] In particular, my understanding, that first phase of sleep that's related to the massive growth hormone release that we all really need and want in the first.

[650] And you didn't measure growth hormone.

[651] We did not.

[652] No, the second iteration of this study will certainly include free cortisol by saliva.

[653] A hormone panel.

[654] Well, I'm beginning to think that we should also be asking people how often they're going to the bathroom in what time of day.

[655] Yes.

[656] I mean, this thing around constipation is super interesting.

[657] And I think that plus blood markers.

[658] And then I'm very excited to learn that urine contains additional markers that could be informative.

[659] So yeah, it was a fun study, a not easy study to do with that number of subjects.

[660] Takes a lot of training for your research assistance.

[661] Yeah, it was a big group.

[662] It was nine people in our group and three clinicians and a lot of phone calls and a lot of back and forth.

[663] But, you know, and thank you to the subjects who served as the real life guinea pigs.

[664] So, yeah, I think that stress, you know, people's, I think people are starting to appreciate that there are ways that they can relieve their stress that don't all only fall under the categories of vacation.

[665] Right.

[666] And meditation.

[667] But I want to say that meditation is obviously a wonderful tool.

[668] It's just it's a, it's a tool, not unlike any other tool, that it is great for some people and less great for others.

[669] Well, certainly it's a great tool and it's got such a scientific basis behind it.

[670] But there's so many things on this all -a -cart menu.

[671] Sex, orgasm, connection, feeling heard and seen and loved.

[672] Yeah, let's talk about that.

[673] You mentioned earlier that all these stress factors.

[674] You said patriarchy, right?

[675] But I think, if I may, at risk of just strengthening that statement, I mean, that to me is signaling a bunch of other factors around, as you said, like keeping things in.

[676] What do you think explains, let's talk about that, because I think that's likely to have raised a certain flag in people's minds.

[677] Like, what exactly is she talking about?

[678] Are you talking about less opportunity?

[679] Are you talking about less opportunity to vocalize?

[680] Are you talking about less opportunity to vocalize and be heard?

[681] I mean, I realize that there are an infinite number variables.

[682] But given that it sounds like a really strong input to the system, what I mean by that is that psychology is influencing biology.

[683] And you're saying that these power dynamics structures and dynamics are impacting it.

[684] I'd love to.

[685] Let's hear your thoughts on that because I hate to let a flag like that go by without fleshing it out.

[686] Never waste a good flag.

[687] Well, and let's preface it by just saying that like people will have different opinions on this and I think that's healthy and like with the discussion about constabation.

[688] Let's talk about what people aren't willing to talk about when it comes to health.

[689] Love it.

[690] So we might need to talk about patriarchy on part two, but I'll give you some material that I've been working with.

[691] I started, I did not even understand the existence of patriarchy until I was a bioengineering undergraduate.

[692] At MIT, I should mention, which has always had a bit of a male, a skewed male in terms of faculty numbers.

[693] Well, my, my, that's true at most universities.

[694] True.

[695] Well, my postdoc advisor was the late Ben Barris, who was a female to male transition, transgender, first transgender member in the National Academy of Sciences, were my closest friends.

[696] Unfortunately, he died of pancreatic cancer.

[697] We were very, very close.

[698] They're actually making a documentary about Ben.

[699] But Ben, this is interesting, Ben went to MIT because he wanted to be around a lot of men.

[700] That's a lesser known fact.

[701] But then he was a very strong advocate for women.

[702] He went as Barbara when he was Barbara.

[703] And by the way, he's given me permission to share all this.

[704] Prior to his death, I recorded a lot of conversations with Ben.

[705] I only ever knew him as Ben, by the way.

[706] But when he was at MIT, he was identified female.

[707] And he later talked about the intense suppression, oppression, literally as how he described it, especially given that he was performing so well.

[708] Yes.

[709] So you just defined patriarchy.

[710] You did it yourself.

[711] A couple things.

[712] When I was in bioengineering, I took a women's studies class.

[713] And it was all about teaching undergraduates about the existence of patriarchy, which I would define maybe at its simplest as power over.

[714] I'm not saying men are patriarchy.

[715] I'm saying something very different, which is power over.

[716] Let me correct one thing that she said.

[717] I didn't go to MIT as an undergraduate.

[718] So I was in Alaska, and I went to the University of Washington for bioengineering.

[719] In Seattle.

[720] In Seattle.

[721] I dropped out of a graduate program in bioengineering to go to the Harvard MIT program for health sciences and technology in Boston.

[722] Thanks for that clarification.

[723] University of Washington, also a wonderful place.

[724] I have many, many, many, many wonderful close colleagues there.

[725] It's an incredible place, especially for vision science.

[726] It's especially good for engineering, bioengineering.

[727] But yeah, so my MD is jointly between MIT and Harvard.

[728] And it's the oldest, maybe largest, although Harvard says this a lot, program for biomedical engineers and MD PhD's physician scientist training program.

[729] Great.

[730] Thanks for that clarification.

[731] I'm going to blame the internet for this one.

[732] I am.

[733] I think we need to send our Wikipedia editors out.

[734] I think LinkedIn is correct.

[735] Okay.

[736] Great.

[737] Well, Wikipedia editors, note, get out there and make the correction.

[738] Now you heard it.

[739] So stress that, What you're really talking about is systemic stress in the body as a consequence, excuse me, of systemic stress of environment.

[740] That's right.

[741] But there's, you know, there's particular forms of it.

[742] I would say this also relates to white privilege.

[743] It relates to racism.

[744] And when you look at, you know, kind of the way that systems, including my beloved MIT, the way that they're set up is that might make, makes right.

[745] and generally the people that are the strongest, you know, big men, strong men, they're the ones who tend to be the most successful.

[746] So for people who are BIPOC, for people who don't have white privilege, for women, it's a different experience.

[747] And so I'm using patriarchy as kind of an umbrella here, but it connects to many other things.

[748] I want to use this as an opportunity to, A, keep this in mind as we turn to a. a question that I didn't close the hatch on earlier and it's my fault, which is I'm now clear on the fact that a woman in her late teens, early 20s ought to know something about her testosterone, estrogen, thyroid, cortisol levels, should start at least thinking about her microbiome should be thinking about how many bowel movements and the timing of those bowel movements per day, really.

[749] And I'm assuming that what I just described is also true for women in their 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, on up to hundreds.

[750] Is that correct?

[751] That's correct, but I would say that there are differential opportunities by decade.

[752] So I'm glad she's circled it back to teenagers and testosterone, because I think if you know, for instance, in your teenage years that you have high androgens and that you've got this potential phenotype way into the future that you may not even notice.

[753] I mean, maybe you notice you've got a few extra hairs on your chin or something.

[754] If you know that your testosterone is elevated or some other androgen, it might change the arc of how you take care of yourself.

[755] So I think that could be very helpful in your teenage years.

[756] In your 20s, for people who are a stress case like me, so age 27 on the wards at UCSF, if I had known that I was such a high cortisol person, I think think I would have done things differently.

[757] I would have changed my behavior.

[758] And I don't know because I didn't base case these, but your testosterone can decline starting in your 20s, kind of depending on how much stress your matrix is under.

[759] So for women that can start as early as 28, usually your testosterone declines by about 1 % per year.

[760] What level of testosterone do you like to see in a woman once she's post, let's say after age 25, What kind of range is healthy?

[761] I know what the reference range is only because I know one could look it up.

[762] I don't know it off the top of my head, immediately.

[763] But what's a kind of a nice reference point there?

[764] So the way I tend to describe this on podcasts is the top half of the normal range.

[765] Great.

[766] So that I think is a good benchmark.

[767] You know, for PCOS, generally it's much higher than that.

[768] You know, I've seen patients with PCOS where they're a total test.

[769] Astrosin 100 to 200.

[770] Do they always have peripheral manifestations of that?

[771] A little bit of hair, the skin plaques.

[772] I've heard about, you know, so darkened skin plaques.

[773] Regular periods.

[774] Regular periods.

[775] Is that, you know, I get a lot of questions about PCOS.

[776] Yeah.

[777] And you're the first person we've had on this podcast.

[778] It's really qualified to talk about PCOS in a real way.

[779] So here we're talking about too many androgens, cysts on the ovary, irregular ovarian, excuse me, I keep saying that ovulatory slash men.

[780] menstrual cycle.

[781] What are some other indicators?

[782] And do you recommend that women start taking endergen blockers?

[783] Or, I mean, how to, it seems to be a lot of PCOS out there.

[784] I'm hearing about it a lot.

[785] So glad you asked about this.

[786] So PCOS is one of those really poorly understood conditions that gets, it kind of flies below the radar until a woman wants to get pregnant or she's got some other issue that drives her to a physician.

[787] The problem is that it is a syndrome, right?

[788] So polycystic ovary syndrome, sometimes polycystic ovarian syndrome.

[789] And syndromes don't necessarily fit together into a really clear diagnostic criteria.

[790] So in this instance, there are three different criteria that we look for.

[791] So this is on the ovaries, having clinical manifestations of hyperandrogenism.

[792] So that could be hercetism, acne, other things.

[793] And then usually irregular periods.

[794] And the way that that's defined, at least by the latest criteria, is having a period every 35 days or less.

[795] So typical cycle length, 28 days, 35 days.

[796] You know, you're skipping a period here and there.

[797] So those are the, those are the criteria that we use to diagnose PCOS.

[798] There are about four different systems out there in the literature for diagnosing PCOS, which is where it starts to get confusing.

[799] So there's some women who have noses on their ovaries, but they've got hercetism, and they've got irregular periods.

[800] Could you define hercetism?

[801] Hercetitism is increased hair growth, usually in places that you don't want it.

[802] So for women, it can be kind of male pattern.

[803] They might notice it on their breasts, on their chest.

[804] And then there's, of course, a familial quality to that.

[805] Like, I was just looking at it.

[806] paper last night looking at Israelis and how much heurcitism they have and whether this is related to CAG repeats on the androgen receptor.

[807] Do they get, not Israelis, but do women who might have PCOS experience androgenic alopecia, so hair loss that's sort of of the quote unquote male pattern baldness.

[808] Of course, it's androgen pattern baldness as opposed to male that we're taking testosterone, dhd related.

[809] Sometimes, you know, this is where I'm going to invoke clinical experience.

[810] rather than what I've seen in the literature, women definitely can have some antigenic alopecia.

[811] I tend to see it later in life.

[812] But this is an important point because we think of PCOS as, you know, I was just talking about it in teenage years.

[813] Like, wouldn't it be nice to know that you have this phenotype and you're at risk for all the things that people are at risk for?

[814] And we haven't talked about glucose and insulin yet.

[815] We should.

[816] what we know is that PCOS is not just a problem in terms of irregular periods and then difficulty getting pregnant.

[817] So those are mostly problems in your 20s, 30s, early 40s.

[818] But it is a massive risk factor for cardiometabolic disease as you get older.

[819] So many people tend to pigeonhole PCOS is a problem of reproductive age.

[820] We have to be thinking of it over the entire female life cycle.

[821] And I would say it's even more important to consider it over the age of 50, you know, average age of menopause is 51 to 52 because we know that that elevated testosterone, the high androgens, are probably the greatest cardiometabolic driver of disease for women with PCS.

[822] Now, one other thing I want to mention, and I still have my notes that we're going to talk about microbiome testing because that's such a fun subject.

[823] What I was taught to do, again, saying this with so much love for the people who have taught me how to do medicine, what I was taught to do is that if you have a woman with PCOS, you make the diagnosis, you measure her testosterone, you see if she has acne, blah, blah, blah, you ask that woman one question.

[824] Do you want to get pregnant or not?

[825] So then you have these women with PCOS who get started on a birth control pill if they don't want to get pregnant.

[826] If they want to get pregnant, then you help them get pregnant.

[827] by addressing some of these PCS issues.

[828] Like maybe you give them Clomid or you do something to make them ovulate more frequently.

[829] That is the way that most conventional medicine approaches this, and it does women at gigantic disservice.

[830] So one of the things I'm speaking into is the gender gap that exists.

[831] So my feeling is that the research money that goes into women's health is abysmal compared to what goes into men's health.

[832] Really?

[833] And I think that's changing.

[834] But there's also a huge lack of awareness of sex and gender differences when it comes to the way that we construct clinical trials and other experiments.

[835] Well, that's absolutely true.

[836] I mean, I sit on, I've sat on NIH review panels for more than a decade now.

[837] I'm a regular standing member, which is only to say that I see the research as it's being proposed.

[838] Yes.

[839] And now it's required.

[840] No grant will get funded without sex as a biological variable.

[841] And here I'm, by the way, folks, this is sex, biological sex.

[842] The now.

[843] not sex the verb.

[844] Both are super interesting, obviously.

[845] But when we say sex as a biological variable, meaning even if it's a study on mice, where did that start though?

[846] That didn't start that long ago.

[847] It must have been, I think we can thank, I don't want to misattribute here.

[848] I think we can thank Francis Collins for insisting on this.

[849] Amen, Francis.

[850] And Bernadine Healy.

[851] Bernadine Healy has done so much to help us.

[852] But, you know, she made the Women's Health Initiative, which I hope we'll get to, which is a hot mess, like so confusing the data that came out of that.

[853] And these trials are long, and so the data are only now starting to emerge.

[854] So just to be clear, I mean, I have a question that I don't think it's going to take us off track, but this is, I'm going to pose this question as a hypothesis because I think it's likely to be a little bit of a, of a, not a barbed wire question, but maybe like a prickly question when people first hear it, but it's posed as a hypothesis.

[855] You mentioned some of the psychosocial stress issues, based on at the organizational level, institutional level, societal level, maybe right down to the family and just life that are biasing health outcomes for the worse in female populations.

[856] You refer to as the patriarchy.

[857] I'm just trying to make sure that we're both talking about the same thing.

[858] And that's non -exhaustive, I realize.

[859] That's just a subset of the issues.

[860] I'm also hearing there's a lot more PCOS, which is hyperandrogenization of the ovary.

[861] In there, we're talking about, you mentioned, you know, excess testosterone, which females naturally have more testosterone than they do estrogen anyway.

[862] But we're talking about elevated levels.

[863] Here's a hypothesis.

[864] One hypothesis would be that the increased androgens and the PCOS are a consequence of the psychosocial conditions that are, I don't want to say forcing, but are biasing the need for females to, think, behave, react, act in certain ways to survive, let alone thrive.

[865] Is that a, I don't say this for any kind of political correctness hypothesis.

[866] This is a, in my, this would be a fun, interesting and I think important study to run, right?

[867] Depending on stress and the conditions, the specific type of stress, do females underproduce or overproduce androgens?

[868] Or is it a neutral effect?

[869] Does that make quite make sense?

[870] I love this question.

[871] So let me just paraphrase the last part of it to make sure I got it.

[872] It sounds like what you're asking is, could PCOS or at least some phenotypes of PCOS be a response to what I'm calling patriarchy?

[873] And then you had a second part to it, which is do healthy women, like what is their production of testosterone like?

[874] Is that right?

[875] Yes.

[876] And with the acknowledgement, I mean, you're the expert here.

[877] You're the physician, clinician, an expert in hormones, and I'm not, but with the understanding that absolute levels of hormones are interesting, but perhaps not as interesting as the ratios of testosterone to estrogen.

[878] So when we're talking about excess testosterone, we're really not talking about, oh, women making a lot of testosterone because, frankly, they already make a lot.

[879] Then most people that weren't aware of that, I wasn't aware that women make more testosterone and estrogen.

[880] And we need it.

[881] Right.

[882] And so it's not saying that testosterone in women is bad or is always a reaction to the environment.

[883] But when it becomes super physiological or hyper -elevated, I could imagine all sorts of social conditions that would create that.

[884] So in males and females.

[885] But here we're talking about PCOS and females in particular.

[886] So I'd love for you to speculate.

[887] Should we run the study?

[888] We should totally run the study because I don't know the answer.

[889] I suspect that you're onto something.

[890] It may not explain all of the women with PCOS, because as I mentioned, there's a lot of different phenotypes, but I think it could explain a significant portion.

[891] And, you know, you're saying if we look at the gene environment interface, this environmental influence of having, being someone who's got power over you, if PCOS was a response to that, the way that we treat it, would be completely different.

[892] So on the one hand, I want to be careful not to dismiss the suffering and experience of women with PCOS.

[893] I've got a lot of women with PCOS in my family.

[894] And it is, there's so much pain and suffering, you know, especially if you want to have a baby and you try for years and you just can't offulate.

[895] On the other hand, I read a paper recently, and maybe we could cite this, that compared, the phenotype of a woman with PCOS to a man who is hypoandrogenic.

[896] And I think that's a really interesting way to look at this, because the thread we haven't talked about with PCOS is the role of insulin and glucose.

[897] So for some of the phenotypes of PCOS, the problem is hyperinsulinemia, high insulin in the blood, is driving those thika cells in the ovaries to overproduce testosterone.

[898] These women are insulin insensitive, so more insulin's being cranked out, and these cells in the ovary are therefore making more androgen.

[899] You don't like to say insulin resistant.

[900] Oh, I can, I don't have a problem saying insulin resistance.

[901] I just, I'm just a little bit outside the lane lines of my expertise.

[902] So I was trying to use that.

[903] What is the correct nomenclature so that we can make sure.

[904] Well, what I like about insulin insensitive, the way that she just said it, is that I think that offers people a way in.

[905] And I love to do that in terms of messaging.

[906] insulin resistance starts to lose people because they don't really get what that means at a receptor level.

[907] I think I say insulin insensitive because when people hear insulin sensitive, it almost sounds like a bad thing, but that's actually what you want.

[908] So I think that's how I defaulted to insulin insensitive.

[909] What's your insulin?

[910] I don't know.

[911] What?

[912] I'm due for a blood test.

[913] Yes, you are.

[914] I'm due for a blood test.

[915] I had blood work done about eight months.

[916] Sure.

[917] That'd be great.

[918] I'm always experimenting with different supplements and different behavioral regimens and I've kept charts.

[919] since I was 19.

[920] Oh, you're like my patient.

[921] I've been sort of assessed by this.

[922] And I would say everybody, if you can afford it, and at the time, actually, I had to save up.

[923] Insurance wouldn't cover it.

[924] Get some basic blood work done so that you have a reference point.

[925] Do it as soon as possible.

[926] Because even, you know, we've been talking about these women over the life cycle.

[927] I wish I knew what my insulin was when I was a teenager.

[928] I wish I knew what my fasting insulin was.

[929] I really wish I knew my post -pranthial insulin, like in my teenage years, in my 20s, in my 30s, well, I knew it at my 30s, starting at 35.

[930] Are you a fan of continuous glucose monitors?

[931] The hugest, most gigantic fan of CGMs.

[932] I've never seen any tool that I've ever used in medicine change behavior the way that CGMs do.

[933] Wow.

[934] Why do you think they are so effective at changing behavior?

[935] I've tried one, and I really liked it.

[936] I learned that in the sauna, my insulin, my blood glucose, goes up, probably by a bit of dehydration.

[937] I learned what kind of foods work for me, which don't.

[938] I thought it was fascinating.

[939] I learned how every behavior you could possibly imagine your imagination impacts blood glucose.

[940] Totally.

[941] Totally fascinating to me, including how two wake -ups during the middle of the night versus one versus none impacted blood glucose the next morning.

[942] Fascinating.

[943] For a data junkie like me, it was like I was in heaven.

[944] Why do you think they are so effective in changing behavior?

[945] Is it because of that that people can see that real -time control, like, scan in and like, oh, that's the sandwich.

[946] I think it's, I think it's many things.

[947] I think it's generally the enchantment of learning about your own chemistry.

[948] I love that.

[949] I love that.

[950] And I think for me, what I've seen, you know, I feel like doctors are basically marketers, like the sacred marketing.

[951] Like our job as a physician is to convince people to do something that we think is good for them based on the best science.

[952] But we can't just say, here, why don't you fill this prescription for a CGM?

[953] You have to market it.

[954] You have to say, I think this completely changes the way that you approach your pre -diabetes.

[955] I think this could dramatically affect your risk of Alzheimer's disease that you're so worried about that your mother has.

[956] So our job as physicians is to be that sacred marketer.

[957] So CGMs are one of my tools that I think are so crucial.

[958] So enchantment, number two, yeah, it's the real time.

[959] effect.

[960] So if you go get your glucose and insulin measured, or maybe you do like a two -hour glucose challenge test where you look at glucose and insulin at the fasting point, one hour later, two hours later, or more frequently, that does not have the same kind of behavior effect as having continuous data where you can say, okay, I drove to see you, Andrew, from my place in Berkeley, and it was stressful, it was torrentially raining, and I know my glucose.

[961] was elevated.

[962] Like, I think really understanding what the mediators are of your glucose control is essential.

[963] Now, that said, it's also kind of a later effect.

[964] I mean, I'd rather know your insulin.

[965] And we know from the Whitehall study that insulin, especially post -preandial insulin, fasting insulin too, can change years and years before you get a change in glucose.

[966] So that's more for pre -diabetes and diabetes.

[967] So I think those are the main reasons why I think it's such an important tool.

[968] Third thing is it democratizes data, which you do too.

[969] I mean, incredible how you do that with your podcast.

[970] But I think one of the most hopeful and exciting things that I'm seeing right now in the health space is that we're going from this patriarchal relationship where doctors hold the and are the gatekeepers of data to patients and clients having much more access to that enchantment about their own chemistry and their own biology.

[971] So to me, that is so exciting.

[972] Like for me to be able to, I've got, you know, probably 100 patients that are in a data stream with me where we're looking at their glucose.

[973] And I can, I mean, I'm on sabbatical, so I'm not doing this so much anymore.

[974] But I can call a patient be like, why is your glucose so high.

[975] Like, what did you do?

[976] Oh, it was my birthday.

[977] I had a piece of birthday cake.

[978] Like that kind of collaboration that also is teaching the patient to be their own clinician.

[979] To me, that is a loop of benevolence and integrity that I think is essential to creating health.

[980] We've got a disease care system.

[981] We need the democratization of data to become a health -based system.

[982] Amen to that a million times over.

[983] We share that sentiment, I can tell it at a deep level.

[984] I think the pandemic actually assisted in, well, it harmed many things, but it assisted in people's understanding that no magic fairy, nor the government, nor anyone was going to arrive at their door with a kit of things to make them healthy that provide sunlight, movement, sleep, and all the various aspects of nutrition.

[985] No, nothing, nothing that everyone, has to have access to first and foremost and then implement those things as best they can.

[986] Speaking of which, and kind of circling back to this idea of people in their late teens, 20s, 30s, and onward, if you add a magic wand and you could give two or three don'ts, or to make it personal, if you could go back in time and erase certain behaviors, what would the don'ts category be?

[987] You couldn't tell us more than two or three.

[988] But if the goal is to maximize vitality and longevity, and those are not always parallel to one another, certainly not the same thing, sometimes orthogonal, but let's just say fertility being a proxy for vitality and longevity.

[989] I think people sometimes forget this, that fertility isn't just about people who want to conceive children.

[990] It's also, it can serve as a proxy for vitality and longevity.

[991] So what would you like to see patients?

[992] Let's focus first on female patients, but but if it extends to male patients as well, what would you like to see them not do?

[993] Yeah.

[994] Or do far less of.

[995] I really like that.

[996] So I would say a few things.

[997] I'll just headline them and then we can go into detail.

[998] Number one, sleep.

[999] I do want to diverge from you a little bit on some things, but sleep is probably not one of them.

[1000] No, well, feel free.

[1001] I mean, you're the one that worked 100, 120 hours a week.

[1002] I'm not sleeping much then.

[1003] I can't imagine.

[1004] Unless you lived in a different reality than I do.

[1005] And there are times in my career where I was pulling all -nighters and sleep -deprived.

[1006] There's just, I don't recommend it, but I did it.

[1007] Yeah, I hope you don't do that anymore.

[1008] No longer, if I can avoid it.

[1009] But there were years, many years where it was like, all right, here we go.

[1010] And I'm quite adept at it for one cycle.

[1011] Yeah.

[1012] But two nights, I kind of start to fall apart.

[1013] Totally.

[1014] Yeah.

[1015] So I would say sleep, alcohol, high perceived stress.

[1016] And I'd love to talk about maybe.

[1017] the data on telomeres and where we know.

[1018] So you'd like to see people get enough sleep.

[1019] So don't, don't dis.

[1020] Yeah, not all of these are concordant.

[1021] So not enough sleep, too much alcohol, too much perceived stress, eating the wrong foods, toxic relationships and isolation.

[1022] And then number six, not moving enough or not moving and exercising in a way that really fits with your body.

[1023] So we start with that one actually?

[1024] Sure.

[1025] Because it's such a, and then work backwards.

[1026] That's interesting.

[1027] I think nowadays people appreciate the need for quote unquote cardio.

[1028] I know that the exercise physiologists cringe and dissolve into a puddle of tears when I say that.

[1029] But getting the heart rate up over some period of time longer than 10 minutes in order to generate cardiovascular health circulation.

[1030] So and resistance training of some kind, maybe flexibility.

[1031] What do you mean by body phenotype and exercise?

[1032] I'll speak from personal experience.

[1033] So what I did through, I mean, I gave up my 20s to medicine.

[1034] And during that time, I occasionally got to the gym.

[1035] You know what?

[1036] UCSF on Parnasas, you could go to the gym.

[1037] And then as soon as your beeper went off, you're back into the hospital.

[1038] But I didn't exercise much.

[1039] I had, do you remember Nordic tracks?

[1040] I had a Nordic track in my house.

[1041] And that was like it.

[1042] What I believe, because for me, the primary outcome that I'm interested in is cardiometabolic health.

[1043] So when it comes to exercise, what I really feel, if we're going to be at a population level, I feel that about a third cardio, two -thirds resistance training is based on my synthesis of the literature, the best combination.

[1044] And I think there's, you know, as you described with your sighing study, I think there's a minimal effective dose, which for a population is about 150 minutes.

[1045] I think most of us need a lot more than that.

[1046] Per week of?

[1047] But I think, you know, for me, because I have a phenotype that produces a lot of insulin, kind of depending on how I'm on my game, I have a lot of glucose.

[1048] glucose.

[1049] So I have to exercise a lot more to dispose that glucose.

[1050] So I think you then have to move from medicine for the population or prescriptions for the population to what works for the individual.

[1051] I think that recommendation is fantastic.

[1052] I think resistance training, well, let me put it this way.

[1053] I'm neither a trainer nor a physician, but I've seen in family members that we're doing it.

[1054] I wouldn't say a lot of cardio, but just cardio that when they add resistance training, everything in terms, including their biomarkers, have improved dramatically.

[1055] Yes.

[1056] This is in particular for female members of my family.

[1057] Well, one of the mediators that I think is important, especially for people who do what I call chronic cardio, which is what I did, is cortisol.

[1058] So we know that runners, especially marathon runners, people who do a lot of cardio and don't do much resistance training, they tend to have much high cortisol.

[1059] levels.

[1060] And you can buffer that with vitamin C. Vitamin C can decrease the effect.

[1061] But chronic cardio doesn't always serve people.

[1062] So quick personal example.

[1063] When I first started measuring hormone panels in myself, I went to my physician and I said, I'm 35.

[1064] I've had one kid.

[1065] I want to have another kid.

[1066] I've never been so exhausted in my life.

[1067] I just feel like I'm pushing a rock up the hill.

[1068] I've got this belly fat that I don't like.

[1069] And I don't want to have sex with my husband.

[1070] So what do you think?

[1071] What could we do about this?

[1072] And he offered a birth control pill and an antidepressant.

[1073] Oh, goodness.

[1074] So I left him and I went to the lab and I ran a hormone panel and my cortisol was three times what it should have been.

[1075] My insulin was in the 20s.

[1076] I was fasting.

[1077] My glucose was 105.

[1078] my thyroid was mildly abnormal.

[1079] My progesterone was low.

[1080] And that set me on this course of realizing that what I was doing as a physician, taking care especially of women, was not getting to some of these root causes that are so essential.

[1081] And I would say I had to start first with cortisol.

[1082] At that time, I was running four miles, three times a week, four times a week.

[1083] That was just racing my cortisol further.

[1084] So that was not the right exercise for me. I needed more adaptive exercise.

[1085] I started doing Pilates, more yoga.

[1086] That helped to lower my cortisol.

[1087] I mean, it started me on, you know, changing the way I was managing perceived stress, and it also changed my supplement, Richmond.

[1088] Could we talk about that?

[1089] With the moment you said lowering cortisol, thought of the two supplements that come to mind are ashoaganda, which I think can potently reduce cortisol.

[1090] But I've heard some recommendations about cycling it.

[1091] And I've always wondered about time of day for Oshragona intake because sort of, quote unquote, want cortisol elevated in the early part of the day.

[1092] Yes.

[1093] And we know this.

[1094] We know you do not want cortisol peaking later in the day.

[1095] No, you do not.

[1096] Interfers with sleep.

[1097] Interfers with sleep.

[1098] And then the other supplement is rodeola rosacea.

[1099] Do I, am I pronouncing that correctly?

[1100] Yeah.

[1101] So rudiola is very effective.

[1102] It's been shown in multiple randomized trials to lower cortisol.

[1103] So that could be very effective.

[1104] What sort of dose?

[1105] I've started taking it recently, by the way, and I made a huge mistake.

[1106] I like to make the mistakes first, so then my audiences don't make them.

[1107] As I was taking it, I heard it was an adaptogen, so I thought, oh, I'll take it before resistance training.

[1108] But of course, you want the cortisol peak during resistance training because that's going to set in motion the adaptive response.

[1109] So I started taking it later in the day.

[1110] And it's really improved.

[1111] I would say my late day, second half of the day cognition, this is subjective, to be fair.

[1112] I just feel like I'm in a more even plain of attention in the second half of the day.

[1113] So you're describing an NF1 experiment, which is, well, it is not anecdotal.

[1114] So I was taught at Harvard Medical School that the hierarchy of evidence starts at the lowest with expert opinion, you know, case studies, then you've got cohort studies, then you've got observational data that's prospective, then you have randomized trial.

[1115] But the highest quality evidence of all is the end of one experiment, where you serve as your own control.

[1116] So what you're describing with rodeola, I would frame that as an end of one experiment, where you have a washout period and you compare before and after.

[1117] And I'd like to measure some other metrics to see if there's an effect, including your cortisol.

[1118] So rodeoal has been shown in multiple randomized trials to reduce cortisol.

[1119] The other thing that I think is super effective is phosphatidyl serine, PS for short.

[1120] Fish oil also more modestly reduces cortisol.

[1121] Ashwaganda is interesting.

[1122] So in my first book, The Hormone Cure, which I read, by the way.

[1123] You did?

[1124] I did.

[1125] I was hoping that was the one you read.

[1126] I did.

[1127] I read it and it's spectacular.

[1128] And I thought going into it, I had this like, you know, let's just call it what it was.

[1129] It's kind of male bias.

[1130] Like, is there going to be anything in here for me?

[1131] Because I don't have ovaries and, you know, is this going to be?

[1132] And it was immensely informative.

[1133] So thank you.

[1134] Yeah, I have very fond recollections of the walks I took listening to it, and then I own the print version, too.

[1135] So I like to switch back and forth.

[1136] So thank you for that.

[1137] It's a superb book for anyone to read.

[1138] Thank you.

[1139] Yeah.

[1140] I so appreciate that.

[1141] So in Chapter 4, you may or may not remember that Ashwaganda, at least the time that I wrote that book, Ashwaganda's data is not great.

[1142] But lack of proof is not proof against.

[1143] So with Ashwaganda, most of the data comes from thousands of years of using it in IEV.

[1144] medicine.

[1145] And it's considered, again, not my science hat.

[1146] It's considered a double adaptogen so that it's potentially helpful when you are a high cortisol phenotype like I was, like I sometimes still am, or low cortisol.

[1147] I haven't found that in my patients, although I'll give you one exception.

[1148] So Ashwaganda is mostly based on animal studies.

[1149] There's not as much human data, but it is used a ton in integrative medicine.

[1150] There's one supplement that I've found to be incredibly helpful for people who tend to have high cortisol at night.

[1151] And that's called a cortisol manager.

[1152] It's by integrative therapeutics.

[1153] I don't have a second supplement manufacturer that makes something similar.

[1154] It's their number one selling supplement because it's so effective.

[1155] Is it a cocktail of several things?

[1156] It's a combination of phosphatidyl syring and Oshwakanda.

[1157] Tell me more about phosphatidyl serine.

[1158] I am familiar with it for, it's been mentioned by some guests that were on the Tim Ferriss podcast long ago for other reasons, I think, related to sleep.

[1159] Yes.

[1160] And maybe that's another reason why you like it.

[1161] But before we move on from rodeola, is there a dosage of rodeola rosacea that you?

[1162] So I would refer people to my book because the randomized trials and the doses that were used are in there.

[1163] So I can't remember with rodeola, although I took it this morning to prepare to be with you.

[1164] Yeah.

[1165] We can look it up and put a show note.

[1166] caption.

[1167] I can remember the dose with phosphatiles serine because I take that regularly.

[1168] So 400 to 800 milligrams is the typical dose for PS.

[1169] And what's interesting is that in the randomized trials that were done, 400 milligrams was more effective than 800 milligrams.

[1170] Interesting.

[1171] I've found that for several supplements that the lower dose was more effective.

[1172] Yes.

[1173] Yeah, it doesn't matter what those were.

[1174] And so when you say PS, you were referring to, by the way, folks, not PCOS, just because scientists and clinicians are familiar with, and military, very familiar with acronyms, phosphatil serine, PSA, so 400, 800 milligrams, 400 being more effective.

[1175] Taken later in the day or early day, does it matter?

[1176] It depends on when your cortisol is high.

[1177] So for me, I tend to, you know, what's the pattern for cortisol?

[1178] Typically, it rises to its peak 30 to 60 minutes after you get up.

[1179] Then it has this gradual kind of asymptotic decline until you go to bed.

[1180] So if you're someone like me who, peaks like way crazy high.

[1181] I don't do that anymore, but that's what I used to do.

[1182] I need a phosphatidyl serine in the morning.

[1183] For people who are high at night, who have what's known as a flat cortisol pattern or a inverted pattern, you want to take it at night.

[1184] And the flat pattern, just quick sidebar, is that that's associated with a number of conditions that most mainstream physicians don't know about.

[1185] So a flat pattern where it's low in the morning and it's, high at night, is associated with anxiety, depression, decreased survival from breast cancer that was studied at Stanford by David Spiegel.

[1186] He was my close, even collaborator, even on the breathwork study that we just...

[1187] Oh, interesting.

[1188] Yeah.

[1189] He's our associate chair of psychiatry now.

[1190] A wonderful human being has been a guest on this podcast, and I'm now fantasizing about a conversation that includes a panel of incredible minds like you.

[1191] and David from the clinical side.

[1192] So in any case, yeah, the late shifted cortisol, not good.

[1193] Not good.

[1194] And it seems to have the worst immune downstream issues of any of the cortisol patterns.

[1195] So that's really important to know about because it then maps to things like it's related to PTSD.

[1196] So that's the pattern we see like in vets who've got PTSD as well as others.

[1197] It maps to autoimmunity.

[1198] It maps to fibromyalgia.

[1199] I was told that one in 12 people have our heterozygous, so one mutant copy, or hypomorphic for some mutation in adrenal related genes, so congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

[1200] Is that true?

[1201] And if so, that means that one in 12 people walking around are cranking out far too much cortisol or not enough cortisol or the cortisol system is already skewed in a direction that makes life more challenging at the levels we're talking about.

[1202] Did I hear that correctly?

[1203] Because that one in 12 is not a small number.

[1204] It's not a small number.

[1205] It fits with what I see clinically.

[1206] I mean, I want to see that data just to see what does that mean.

[1207] And could you modulate it with environmental influences?

[1208] But it certainly fits with what I see.

[1209] You know, I was taught once again in mainstream in medicine that in terms of adrenal function, it's very binary how most clinicians think about it.

[1210] You either have Addison's disease and you don't make enough cortisol, or you've got cushions or cushionoid pattern and you make too much cortisol.

[1211] And anything in the middle is normal.

[1212] And my experience is that, hell no, like there are those of us like me who make a lot of cortisol, I don't have cushions.

[1213] Maybe I've got one of these.

[1214] I wouldn't call it a mutant gene.

[1215] I would call it more of a vulnerable gene.

[1216] So maybe I have one of those.

[1217] Maybe that's part of the reason why I make, you know, two to three times what I should be.

[1218] I'm aware of certain groups of individuals from within the military sector that have, there's a more frequent occurrence of some mutation in CAH, congenital adrenal adrenal hyperpressure, not necessarily two copies, which if people look that out, they're going to go, oh, wow, there's all these phenotypes and but sort of hypomorphic type things.

[1219] So, you know, less than or too much cortisol.

[1220] And they are very good at staying up multiple days per night.

[1221] Right.

[1222] Multiple nights in the series.

[1223] So they can pull all -nighters very easily.

[1224] Yep.

[1225] They can push harder when most people would quit.

[1226] And everyone thinks, well, that's a great phenotype to have.

[1227] But guess what?

[1228] It's because they hyperproduce cortisol.

[1229] Yep.

[1230] And so that's interesting.

[1231] And I think if we were to panel medical students and graduate students and you were to look at, you know, who's pulling excessively long hours, who's stressed out a lot, even outside of academia and medicine and pushing, pushing, pushing really hard.

[1232] I think the ability to push and not crash, we think of it as adaptive, but in some sense it's maladaptive over a series of years, which is sort of what you described earlier.

[1233] Yeah, it's such a good point because, you know, in some ways you want to select for that in certain professions, like in the military, like in medicine.

[1234] But I would wonder for those folks about the downstream consequences of producing so much cortisol.

[1235] It's got to be detrimental for their health in the long run.

[1236] And you see that.

[1237] But even the data shows that if you're someone like me who makes a lot of cortisol, higher rates of depression.

[1238] Like 50 % of people with major depression have high cortisol levels, higher rates of suicide, much more metabolic dysfunction.

[1239] We know that trauma as an example maps to an increase.

[1240] risk of glucose metabolism issues and certainly high cortisol does that because it's one of the jobs of cortisol is to manage glucose and it's it kind of sets you up for um this one number five which is toxic relationships you know someone who hyper produces cortisol it's hard to live with someone like that it's also i would say people that have this um let's just call it biological resilience.

[1241] It's not always adaptive because you can stay in bad circumstances longer.

[1242] The ability to crash, provided it's not suicide or life -destroying or, you know, long arc of pause and the requirement to take two years off from work or school or something, the ability to keep pressing on is a double -edged sword.

[1243] Let's put it that way.

[1244] I want to make sure, in staying within this conversation because you mentioned phosphodil cyrian we talked about rhodiola rosacea we talked a bit about asheraganda you've also talked about omega -3s and fish oil in particular i'd love to know your favorite sources of these i think nowadays there's more general acceptance that getting these essential fatty acids is important do you have a threshold level of sort of grams i've encouraged podcast listeners to consider depending on what they're eating to try and get a gram of EPA or more per day?

[1245] Does that seem excessive?

[1246] And what are the real data on EPAs?

[1247] Because then the cardiovascular experts always hit back and say, oh, no, you know, it's not good for cardiovascular health.

[1248] And then it's better than antidepressants in other studies.

[1249] And they go, no. So I feel like if you really want to make your life difficult, if you want to raise your cortisol, you go on Twitter and you say something positive about omega -3s and fish oil.

[1250] And you learn a lot.

[1251] What are your thoughts on omega -3s.

[1252] I take a lot of them.

[1253] I've always been a big fan.

[1254] Yeah.

[1255] So this is where I personalize.

[1256] I think some people need more than others.

[1257] And what I do is I measure your level.

[1258] So this gets back to nutritional testing.

[1259] So for you, I would suggest an omega -quant or one of my favorite cardiometabolic panels is to do a Cleveland Heart Lab.

[1260] So I think they give me the most reliable information, not just for lipids and subclasses and, you know, NMR fractionation, but it also gives me an insulin -resistant score.

[1261] It gives me levels of omega -3s.

[1262] Great.

[1263] We'll provide links to these different sites so that people...

[1264] But one quick thing about that, the whole story is not omega -3s and taking fish oil.

[1265] So the work of Charlie Sirhan at the Brigham is showing that the way that we resolve inflammation, our understanding of it is really, I think, in the learning to crawl stage.

[1266] And so if you look at the omega -3 -6 pathway in the body, fish oils can help, you know, kind of push the reactions in a particular direction.

[1267] But typically, they're not enough for the resolution of inflammation.

[1268] Now, what most people do, including my MBA players, is they pop an ibuprofen or something like that when they've got inflammation that's got lots of other side effects that are not so good for you.

[1269] And we know in terms of the resolution of inflammation that taking something like ibuprofen reduces the amplitude of inflammation by about 50%, but then it potentially blocks the complete resolution of inflammation.

[1270] So there's these new supplements that you may have heard of called specialized pro -resolving mediators.

[1271] There's a lot of different supplement companies that make them.

[1272] And that combined with fish oil seems to be the best combination.

[1273] And what I do for athletes who've got, you know, kind of the normal aches and pains of the training load they have is I'll combine a little aspirin, small dose, just like 81 milligrams or two of those baby aspirin, together with fish oil plus specialized pro resolving mediators.

[1274] And there's some that are NSF.

[1275] They're certified for sports.

[1276] But the dose, I would say with my patient, Some of them only need a thousand milligrams, your gram that you mentioned for the population.

[1277] Some of them need six grams together with SPMs.

[1278] So I think it has to be personalized.

[1279] How young is it okay for people to start taking omega -3s?

[1280] For instance, young women in their teens, in their 20s and their 30s, young guys in their 20s and 30s, should they take fish oil?

[1281] just as a assuming they're not going to get anything tested i'm thinking about the college student who is really into biomarkers and that sort of thing we'll go do some of this um but many people won't but they want to do the right thing so they'll try and drink a little less hopefully hopefully they won't smoke or vape please don't smoke or vape the idea that vaping is okay it's like we had it so bad so bad for everything we're talking about let's end that chapter exactly so just you know avoid hopefully they'll try and avoid those things hopefully they'll avoid hard drugs um Hopefully they'll avoid getting any STIs.

[1282] If they do, they'll resolve them quickly, hopefully.

[1283] Yes.

[1284] So, but they might say, oh, well, okay, I'm willing to, you know, take some magnesium or take some phosphodil serum, buffer my cortisol, eat some vegetables.

[1285] Should they consider taking fish oil as a kind of across -the -board inoculatory thing?

[1286] So I'd like to rank order these.

[1287] I would say fish oil, yes.

[1288] I think a thousand milligrams as a general recommendation is good.

[1289] But I also have a food -first philosophy.

[1290] So my preference would be that they're having salmon or some kind of smash fish, and they're getting that as the primary source of their omega -3s, and then the days that they don't have fish, I recommend it probably twice a week, that they take fish oil.

[1291] Then I would put magnesium next, since so many people are deficient.

[1292] Then I'd probably put vitamin D. How many IU of vitamin D per day?

[1293] Well, you keep asking me this, like for the population.

[1294] Yeah.

[1295] Well, let me put it this way.

[1296] For the lazy, for the lazy person or, and this is an or, not an and, or the person who just doesn't have the finances to go get measured levels measured.

[1297] Because, you know, our audience is a huge range.

[1298] We've got people who can have tons of disposable income that lists in this spot.

[1299] We have people have no disposable income.

[1300] So 1 ,000 to 2 ,000 international units.

[1301] But my, you know, what I do is I dose to a serum level that's between about 50 and 90.

[1302] Great.

[1303] And so I have a vitamin D receptor, a snip, and so I need to take about $5 ,000 a day to get to what I need.

[1304] A lot of people don't need that.

[1305] And, you know, there's some supplements that I don't know if they need.

[1306] So you mentioned phosphatidyl serine.

[1307] For someone who's a college student and their cortisol is completely normal, they're wasting their money on PS.

[1308] They don't need it.

[1309] They might need it later, but they don't need it now.

[1310] I'd like to make sure that we circle back to birth control.

[1311] In particular, oral contraceptive birth control, and we should touch on IUDs, perhaps a little bit more.

[1312] But what are your thoughts on pure estrogen birth control?

[1313] This is what I learned when I was in college, is that birth control is basically tonic estrogen, so constantly taking estrogen, estrogen, women are taking estrogen so that they don't get the estrogen priming of progesterone.

[1314] You're not getting any ovulation.

[1315] And I've known women that have been taking oral contraception that took oral contraception as like estrogen pills basically for 5, 10, 15 years.

[1316] Are there long -term consequences of this as it relates to pregnancy, PCOS, menopause?

[1317] If so, what are some of those consequences?

[1318] What are your concerns?

[1319] What do you like about oral contraceptives?

[1320] What do you dislike about them?

[1321] I like how balanced you ask that question.

[1322] So women who take oral contraceptives as long as you're describing like 10 years or longer, we call those Olympic oral contraceptive users.

[1323] In terms of benefit, I think that especially when they first came out and even now, it gives women reproductive choice and that's essential.

[1324] As you may know, a reproductive choice has been declining recently.

[1325] So I'm a big fan in that regard and we've got a lot of data.

[1326] to show both the risks and also the benefits of it.

[1327] So I'll speak first into the benefits because I'm going to get on a soap box a little bit about the risks.

[1328] So we know that it reduces the risk of ovarian cancer.

[1329] So there's something about this idea of incessant ovulation that is not good for the female body.

[1330] So if you look at, for instance, women who are nuns, who don't take oral contraceptives and they have a period every single month of their reproductive lives, they have a greater risk of a varying cancer.

[1331] So if you look then at women who have several babies and they've got a period of time when they're pregnant that they're not ovulating and then they breastfeed for some period of time, they have a lower risk of a varying cancer.

[1332] So oral contraceptives help with reducing ovulation and reducing risk.

[1333] We know that, if you take the oral contraceptive for about five years, it reduced your risk of ovarian cancer by 50%.

[1334] And that's significant because we're so poor at diagnosing ovarian cancer early.

[1335] There's really no method that's really effective.

[1336] We use CA125 and ultrasound screening, especially in women who are at greater genetic risk.

[1337] But even that, often we diagnose it, you know, in a later stage.

[1338] Maybe just because that statement is going to highlight for a number of people, the question of what are some of the earliest symptoms that people can recognize without a blood test.

[1339] So is ovarian cancer, is it going to be pain?

[1340] So the problem is the symptoms are so vague and they're so non -specific.

[1341] One of the most common symptoms is bloating.

[1342] And we've already talked about constipation.

[1343] We've talked about how women have this longer track, GI track.

[1344] And so bloating is a really common experience for most women.

[1345] You can have bulk symptoms, you know, feeling like your lower belly is kind of pressed out.

[1346] So the way that we inform women in terms of watching for this is to get regular gynaeclotic exams for women who are at high risk where they have, for instance, an ultrasound for some reason, and it shows a mass that we're concerned about.

[1347] There's a way to triage that in terms of what kind of evaluation that they need.

[1348] And that's a situation where you might get a blood test called the CA -129.

[1349] C .A. 125.

[1350] The, yeah, the problem is the symptoms are so vague.

[1351] It could be, it depends on how big the tumor is, how much bulk you have, what it's pressing on.

[1352] So if taking estrogen and thereby reducing the frequency of ovulation lowers the risk of ovarian cancer, should women that are, even women who are not sexually active, so they're not actively trying to get pregnant or avoid getting pregnant?

[1353] but if they're not sexually active, then the probability of conceiving unless they go through some IUI or some other route is very low, as far as I know.

[1354] That's what I was taught in high school anyway.

[1355] Would they be wise to suppress ovulation for periodically using hormone -based contraception just so that they can offset the risk of ovarian cancer?

[1356] That's a very rational question, and I would say that's what mainstream medicine has had at its back to recommend oral contraceptives, not just for women who are seeking contraception, but for acne, for painful periods, for really kind of the drop of a hat, they're prescribing oral contraceptives.

[1357] That's what I was taught to do.

[1358] But there are so many consequences, and I think the issue here is more about consent.

[1359] Because in OBGYN, and I started out as a board certified OBGYN, and I now mostly see men, But I was taught as NubiGYN to convince women to go on the oral contraceptive.

[1360] And I think a lot of that is pharmaceutical influence.

[1361] So maybe we could talk about the risks and why the answer is no to your question.

[1362] As we do that, could I just ask is the so -called ring?

[1363] It used to be called the NUVA ring.

[1364] Maybe that's a brand name.

[1365] But when I was in college, there was all this discussion about the ring, all right, by both men and women for reasons that don't belong on the podcast.

[1366] use your imagination folks so is the ring obviously it's not oral it's not oral hormone contraception but it's hormone based right the ring is releasing estrogen locally as opposed to taking it orally but would you would you slot it under what you're about to tell us in terms of the concerns so we have less data about the ring so the oral contraceptive is two hormones it's ethanol estradiol and it's a progestin so it's a progestin so it's It's not the normal progesterone that your body makes, that your ovaries make, and your adrenals make.

[1367] It is a synthetic form of progesterone.

[1368] And it is the same progestin, similar, same class that was shown to be dangerous and provocative in the Women's Health Initiative.

[1369] So I'm not a fan of progestins.

[1370] I do not recommend them for any woman unless the consequence of not taking them.

[1371] is surgery or some other, you know, unless it gives them some freedom in some way.

[1372] So I don't like progestins.

[1373] The NUVA ring is estrogen plus progestin, but it's released transdermally through the vagina.

[1374] So given the way that it's delivered to the vagina, the doses are lower than what's taken orally.

[1375] But in terms of some of the risks that I'm about to talk about, we don't know about much of the data.

[1376] We think that it's similar.

[1377] There's probably a spectrum of risk, and the NUVA ring is a little more towards the middle than, you know, what I'm talking about with oral contraceptives.

[1378] Okay.

[1379] Are you ready for that?

[1380] Yeah, I'm ready for the risks.

[1381] Okay.

[1382] So like with almost any pharmaceutical, the oral contraceptive depletes certain micronutrients.

[1383] So magnesium, there's certain vitamin Bs that are depleted.

[1384] it also affects the microbiome.

[1385] That data is not as strong, but there seems to be some effect, and there's also an increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease in autoimmune condition.

[1386] It increases inflammatory tone.

[1387] So the studies that I've seen increase one of the markers of inflammatory tone, high sensitivity CRP, by about 2 to 3X.

[1388] It seems to make the hypothalamic pituitary, adrenal access, more rigid, so that you can't kind of roll with the punches and wax and wane in terms of cortisol production the way that you can off the birth control pill.

[1389] It can affect thyroid function.

[1390] I'm thinking of the slide that I have that has like 10 problems associated with the oral contraceptive, but that's what I can remember right now.

[1391] That's very helpful.

[1392] and it makes me wonder whether or not, if on the one hand, oral contraceptives are protective in women against ovarian cancer, but then they have these other issues.

[1393] Yeah, there's one other I want to mention.

[1394] Please.

[1395] Anytime you take oral estrogen, it raises sex hormone binding globulin.

[1396] And you've talked to other podcast guests about this, Kyle, I think.

[1397] Sex hormone binding globulin, I think of as a sponge that soaks up free estrogen and free testosterone.

[1398] So when you go on the birth control bill, You raise your sex hormone binding globulin.

[1399] It soaks up especially free testosterone.

[1400] And for some women, it's not a big deal.

[1401] They don't notice much of a difference.

[1402] But then there's a phenotype, maybe related to CAG repeats on the androgen receptor, who are exquisitely sensitive to that decline in free testosterone.

[1403] So this then opens the portal of talking a little bit about testosterone and women.

[1404] So we've mentioned already that it's the most abundant.

[1405] biologically the most abundant hormone in the female system, even though men make almost 10 times as much or even more than 10 times, it is so important for women.

[1406] It is essential to so many things, not just sex drive and muscle mass and seeing a response to resistance training, but also confidence in agency.

[1407] And so those women who are so sensitive to their testosterone level, they've got this high sex hormone binding globulin, their testosterone declines, what they describe is vaginal dryness, maybe a decline in sex drive, but there's also this bigger issue related to confidence in agency, even risk -taking from studies that we've done with MBA students, that I think is a serious problem.

[1408] Maybe the most important out of all of these things is that it can shrink the clitoris by up to 20%.

[1409] 20%.

[1410] And that includes a regression of the nerves that innervate the clitoris?

[1411] Is that, I mean...

[1412] That's a very good question as a neuroscientist.

[1413] Yeah, I would think I used to teach the neural side of reproductive health.

[1414] We need to do a series on sexual health.

[1415] Maybe you would co -host that with me. We could certainly use your expertise.

[1416] I think, yeah, that's a dramatic.

[1417] That's a dramatic number.

[1418] Yeah, but then let's go back to the sacred marketing.

[1419] If I've got a woman that I think should not be on the birth control pill, maybe she's taking it for acne or she's taking it because her periods were a little painful, what I'm going to do is say, let's leverage these other.

[1420] ways of making your period less painful.

[1421] Let's take the message of your painful periods and figure out, okay, it's your inflammatory tone, and we give you some visual oil and SPMs, maybe a little aspirin when you've got your period.

[1422] Like, let's find some other ways to deal with it than to take the oral contraceptive, which you have not received informed consent about, because it can trick your clit by up to 20%.

[1423] Now, that usually convinces most people to come off of it.

[1424] Is that reversible?

[1425] The elevation in sex hormone binding globulin does not seem to go away when you come off the birth control pill.

[1426] To me, that is the biggest problem with prescribing oral contraceptives.

[1427] Now, the data that we have is limited.

[1428] There's one woman who, Claudia, something, something, who looked at sex hormone binding globulin a year out from stopping the birth control pill, and it was still elevated.

[1429] It wasn't as high as it was when they were on the pill, but it was still elevated.

[1430] So your question about reversibility, I don't know if we know the answer to that.

[1431] Wow.

[1432] Okay.

[1433] That's, yeah, that's a significant statement and something that for consideration.

[1434] Related to this, although this might seem not related, it is, how early do you recommend that women go get their follicle number assessed?

[1435] In other words, to get a size, a sense of the size of the ovarian reserve and their AMH levels measured.

[1436] I'm an amateur outsider as I say this, but we have an episode on a fertility where I just described the ovulatory menstrual cycle.

[1437] Yeah.

[1438] And I'm not the best person to answer that.

[1439] Yeah, well, we can.

[1440] I'm too far out from it.

[1441] Okay.

[1442] Well, I suppose then from taking the perspective of somebody who thinks about fertility in terms of at least congruent with vitality and longevity, But given that it's fairly non -invasive, it's an ultrasound or a blood draw for AMH or both, is there any reason why a woman would not want to get her follicle number assessed or her AMH levels assessed?

[1443] Is there any reason why?

[1444] Because I was shocked to learn that most women don't do this until they're hitting their late 30s or early 40s, and they either haven't conceived or they suddenly decide that they want to conceive.

[1445] And I thought, why doesn't every doctor insist that their female patients have?

[1446] their AMH level addressed so that if they need to freeze eggs, it's cost.

[1447] It's cost.

[1448] Yeah, so I think if you've got the disposable income to do it, go for it.

[1449] It's not included in a standard blood panel.

[1450] Wow.

[1451] The only women in my practice who've had AMH has done and have looked at their follicle count are women who want to freeze their eggs or, and that requires disposable income, or they are having trouble getting pregnant, so they are in the reproductive endocrinology system and they're getting an evaluation.

[1452] And then they're also the women who have symptoms of early menopause.

[1453] So premature ovarian insufficiency, which is before age 40.

[1454] Those are the women that I see getting attested.

[1455] And I think you're right that it should be offered more broadly.

[1456] It speaks to the democratization of data.

[1457] again.

[1458] And I think most women don't know that.

[1459] So you're doing a huge service, I think, to be speaking into this.

[1460] One other point related to that is that what I see in conventional medicine is that when a woman asked for a hormone panel and she's not trying to get pregnant, she usually gets told that hormones vary too much.

[1461] It's a waste of money.

[1462] You don't need it.

[1463] or if you're feeling hormonal, why don't you go on a birth control bill?

[1464] Unless she's trying to get pregnant.

[1465] If she's trying to get pregnant, suddenly those same tests are very reliable.

[1466] And they get, you know, their testosterone, their free testosterone, their thyroid panel, they get their estrogen and progesterone, maybe they get their cortisol, they get their AMH.

[1467] So there's a double standard between those who want to get pregnant and those who don't, and that needs to end.

[1468] Yeah.

[1469] I totally agree.

[1470] As I've learned more about ovulatory cycle and AMH and the antural population of follicles on it, it's fascinating.

[1471] It just seems to me, wow, a relatively straightforward test.

[1472] One definitely invasive ultrasound, but.

[1473] I don't consider that.

[1474] Yeah, not terribly invasive, but invasive, but the other one, just pure blood test, just seems like why wouldn't, I wouldn't this be offered a covered by insurance or, you know, that anyone that wanted it.

[1475] But now, now I understand why.

[1476] Mentioned menopause.

[1477] Huge topic, enormous topic.

[1478] We had a guest on the podcast who's not a clinician who said something in passing, so I'm likely to get this wrong.

[1479] But what they said was that the results of the large -scale trials on hormone replacement therapy for women for menopause said something to the effect of if the hormone therapy was started early enough, it was very beneficial for vitality and health outcomes, whereas if women went through menopause and then initiated the hormone therapy, hormone replacement therapy, that it could be detrimental to their health.

[1480] So first of all, do I recall that statement correctly?

[1481] And then second of all, what sorts of hormones are being replaced?

[1482] Is it just estrogen?

[1483] And how is that done?

[1484] Is it done through birth control?

[1485] So oral contraceptives, nuvarrings, what are your thoughts on menopause?

[1486] when should people start thinking about it?

[1487] And what is the palette of things available so that we can do an entire episode with you on this topic in the future?

[1488] But just to, you know, I get a lot of questions about this.

[1489] And I'm guessing, based on everything you've told me today, that there are women in their 30s that, while they may be 20 years out from menopause, probably should be doing things now in anticipation of that.

[1490] Yes.

[1491] So we haven't talked about the 30 something, but I totally agree with you.

[1492] The more you know about your phenotype, your hormonal phenotype when you're in your 30s, you're set up in terms of what to do in the future, especially things like your thyroid, your estrogen and progesterone levels, because you can replace to a state of you thyroid, whatever that is for you.

[1493] You can replace, I don't usually go exactly back to where the estrogen and progesterone levels were, but we can get pretty close.

[1494] So in your 30s, having a base case, I think, is really essential.

[1495] So you spoke to the women's health initiative, which was published in 2002.

[1496] And we went from a huge number of women taking hormone therapy to a very small percentage, like in the range of 5%.

[1497] And that means we've got millions, millions of women who are suffering needlessly with things like insomnia, difficulty with their mood, difficulty with sex drive, feeling like they are closing the store in terms of sex because they're not on hormone therapy.

[1498] I would agree with the statement that you made that hormone therapy, particular forms that are similar to which your body always made, when it's given judiciously at the right time, typically within five to ten years of menopause, which is 51 to 52, that it is incredibly safe.

[1499] So, It's a complicated study, the Women's Health Initiative, but it was the wrong study and the wrong patients with the wrong medications and with some of the wrong outcomes.

[1500] So it was powered to look at cardiovascular outcomes.

[1501] It was not powered to look at breast cancer.

[1502] It was stopped because of breast cancer risk.

[1503] But what happened in the control arm of the study was that they had an incredibly low rate of breast cancer.

[1504] And so as a result, they ended up having this increased risk of breast cancer at five years, and they stopped the study.

[1505] Now, the study was done with synthetics.

[1506] It was done with conjugated equine estrogen, known as Premarin, and Medroxyprogesterone acetate.

[1507] Those were the so -called estrogen and progesterone.

[1508] Those are synthetic hormones.

[1509] We think especially the progestion is associated with the greater risk of breast cancer, although the, The subsequent re -evaluations of the data, now 18 years out, have shown that this problem with the control group and no increased risk of breast cancer.

[1510] And for the women who got estrogen only, those who had a hysterectomy, the peremarin, they actually had a decreased breast cancer risk and decreased breast cancer mortality.

[1511] So there's a lot to be said about this.

[1512] I'm trying to keep it really brief.

[1513] But if you look at the women 50 to 60, so within 10 years of menopause, they're the ones who seem to have the greatest benefit.

[1514] So they had decreased subclinical atherosclerosis, so less cardiovascular disease.

[1515] They had an improvement in terms of bone health, less progression to diabetes.

[1516] and then over the age of 60, they started to have greater risk of certain outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, and so on.

[1517] You asked about, what do I do?

[1518] And to me, this problem is not just menopause.

[1519] What's more interesting is to talk about perimenopause.

[1520] So perimenopause is the period of time before your final menstrual cycle, and for most women, depending on how attuned you are to the symptoms, it can last for 10 years.

[1521] So I'm still in pariet menopause.

[1522] It's been like 20 years because I've been tracking it so carefully.

[1523] It usually gets kicked off by having your cycle get closer together.

[1524] So that can happen in your 30s or your 40s.

[1525] You go from 28 days to 25 days, that sort of thing.

[1526] You may notice that you start sleeping more poorly because progesterent's so important.

[1527] You talked about that with Kyle.

[1528] You may notice it as more anxiety, difficulty is sleeping, and that probably is related to the estrogen receptor.

[1529] So ER alpha is estrogen receptor alpha is anxio.

[1530] It increases anxiety.

[1531] ER beta is associated with an anxiolytic activity.

[1532] And then there's a total of about six estrogen receptors now.

[1533] there's the G -protein -coupled estrogen receptors, and those are mixed, anxiolytic, angiogenic.

[1534] So there's this whole period of perimenopause, and what's most fascinating to me, and we've got to talk about this either today or another time, is that there is this massive, massive change that happens in the female brain that people are not talking about enough.

[1535] And so looking at the work of Lisa Mosconi at Cornell, from starting around age 40, there is this massive change in cerebral metabolism.

[1536] So you can do FDG PET scans, you can look at glucose uptake.

[1537] And there's about, on average, a 20 % decline from premenopause, you know, up to like age 35, to perimenopause, to postmenopause.

[1538] the women who are having the most symptoms in perimenopause to menopause, the hot flashes, the night sweats, the difficulty of sleeping, those are the ones who have the most significant cerebral hypometabolism.

[1539] So it's almost like a, I don't want to scare people with this language, but it's a low level, or let's call it pseudo dementia of sorts.

[1540] Yes, it seems to be a phenotype that you can then map to Alzheimer's disease.

[1541] because that's Lisa Musconi's work.

[1542] She's looking at, okay, Alzheimer's disease is not a disease of old age.

[1543] It is disease of middle age.

[1544] What are some of the biomarkers that we can define that can tell you what your risk is?

[1545] I've got a mother and a grandmother with Alzheimer's disease.

[1546] You can believe I am all over this data.

[1547] An insulin resistance.

[1548] Huge part of it.

[1549] Sensitivity, as we talked about it before, seems to be somewhere in there, which I think when that idea first surfaced a few people like, really?

[1550] but then, of course, right?

[1551] I mean, the brain is this incredibly metabolically demanding organ.

[1552] You deprive neurons of fuel sources.

[1553] Or you make them less sensitive to fuel sources.

[1554] They start dying.

[1555] They certainly start firing less.

[1556] It makes perfect sense.

[1557] And I think now it's thanks to Lisa's work, work that you've done and talked about quite a lot is in your books and elsewhere, I think, has really highlighted for people that metabolism and metabolomics is going to be as important as genes and genomics when it comes to dementia, perhaps especially in women?

[1558] Is it safe to say that?

[1559] I think so because we believe that the system is regulated by estrogen.

[1560] So the decline in estrogen, starting around age 40, 43 is kind of the average, seems to be the driver behind cerebral hypometabolism.

[1561] The way I describe it to my patients is it's like slow brain energy.

[1562] So you walk into a room, you can't remember why.

[1563] You just notice that you can't manage all the tasks the way that you once could.

[1564] Like, things are just a little slower.

[1565] And I say that to women and they're like, I have that.

[1566] Like, help me. So this is then circling back to WHOI, where women are scared to death of taking hormone therapy.

[1567] And we've got all of these women that are marching toward potentially a greater risk of Alzheimer's disease.

[1568] And they have this opportunity in their 40s and their 50s to take hormone therapy.

[1569] And they may not be offered it because the typical conventional approach based on WHOI is to say, unless you're having hot flashes and night sweats that are severe, I'm not going to give you hormone therapy.

[1570] And I just want to call that out.

[1571] I would say, no, that is not the way to approach it.

[1572] Further, the concept right now in conventional medicine is, is that hot flashes and nightsweets are these nuisance symptoms that we will take care of temporarily, maybe with a little bit of estrogen progesterone or birth control pill because it's given a lot.

[1573] Or that they pass.

[1574] Or that you just, you know, suck it up, suck it up.

[1575] It doesn't matter that you're not sleeping anymore, you know, turn down the temperature in a room.

[1576] And that's not right because hot flashes and night sweats are a biomarker of cardiometabolic disease.

[1577] They are a biomarker of increased bone loss.

[1578] They are a biomarker of changes in the brain.

[1579] So many of these symptoms that occur in perimenopause are not driven by the ovaries.

[1580] They are driven by the brain.

[1581] Yeah, it's the bidirectional cross -talk between the body and the brain keeps, you know, I think is this resounding theme.

[1582] We had Chris Palmer on here, a psychiatrist who's talking about ketogenic diet for children and mental health.

[1583] I know we could have a whole other discussion.

[1584] And we will.

[1585] hope if you'll agree to it about nutrition and as it relates to hormones of specific diets and so forth.

[1586] And that's a question too, whether this problem of cerebral hypometabolism, could we solve it with estrogen and or increased metabolic flexibility?

[1587] So I just wanted to footnote that.

[1588] Sorry to interrupt.

[1589] No, please.

[1590] Please interrupt.

[1591] I know you're, as long as we're there, I know you are a fan in some instances of intermittent fasting, time -restricted feeding, and or ketogenic diet, to get cells sensitive to insulin, which is not to say, if I understand correctly, which is not to say that women need to stay on the ketogenic diet for long periods of time or intermittent fast for only time -restricted feeding for eight hours or six hours a day, but that by increasing, you said metabolic flexibility, excuse me, but by increasing cells sensitivity to insulin and then maybe returning to a more typical eating pattern, and periodically switching back and forth, that might actually be beneficial.

[1592] Do I have that right?

[1593] Yeah, I love the pulse.

[1594] So I feel like it's much more physiologic than, say, going on a ketogenic diet and staying there for years.

[1595] All of the data that we have on the ketogenic diet is pretty limited in terms of duration.

[1596] You know, the longest players that we have in terms of the data are the folks with epilepsy, and that's just a different phenotype.

[1597] So I think in terms of microbiome effects, diversity, dysbiosis, some of those issues, we really don't know in terms of long -term effects.

[1598] So I prefer with a ketogenic diet that it's used as an end of one experiment and that you do it for four weeks.

[1599] Maybe you measure biomarkers before and afterwards.

[1600] Maybe you look at your stool before and afterwards, and we still haven't talked about stool tests yet.

[1601] But you could measure your fasting insulin, and your glucose.

[1602] You could just start there.

[1603] Do four weeks of keto, clean keto, including vegetables.

[1604] It doesn't have to be 57 a day.

[1605] And then measure it again afterwards.

[1606] Since you mentioned stool testing.

[1607] Yes.

[1608] What is your recommendation about stool testing?

[1609] So my recommendation, this is again in the field of if you have the disposable income.

[1610] So I usually start with Genova because they've got a good copay.

[1611] system with insurance.

[1612] That's what I typically use.

[1613] So I usually do their one day stool test where you have to go digging through your stool and send it off to this lab that's in North Carolina.

[1614] I usually do the one day unless I'm concerned about parasites.

[1615] In that case, I tend to do three days.

[1616] I do that for people who travel a fair amount and go to places where there's greater risk or they just have gut symptoms.

[1617] Another test that I do a lot is because I was like to mention two labs.

[1618] is a test by one Jevity.

[1619] And this is much more of a data wonk type of test because it's powered by AI.

[1620] It was designed by a guy who's got inflammatory bowel disease.

[1621] And he is a PhD deep phenotyping bioinformatics guy who wanted to make this really easy.

[1622] So the test is under the umbrella of thorn.

[1623] and they used to call it gut bio, they might have another name for it.

[1624] And they just improved it so that it's just a wipe instead of digging through her stool.

[1625] And so my athletes will do it now.

[1626] They were not so into digging through their stool before.

[1627] Is anybody?

[1628] Really, no one is.

[1629] I don't want the answer to that.

[1630] I know the answer I prefer to that.

[1631] But that's a super interesting test because you get much more dense data.

[1632] The issue is, with apologies to my friends at Thorn, the issue is that their recommendations end up being Thorn supplements.

[1633] So that can be very easy for people who want to, you know, connect the dots.

[1634] That's not always the way that I like to do it.

[1635] First of all, three things.

[1636] You've shared with us an immense amount of knowledge.

[1637] And in that first statement, I also want to apologize because I threw at you the entire lifespan of female lifespan, reproductive health, contraception, diet, microbiome, so many things.

[1638] But I first, I just want to say, you've taught me a tremendous amount, including, I think, something that most people, including myself, have not thought about enough, which is the psychosocial impact on thinking.

[1639] that we're all familiar with, constipation, bowel movements, what we eat, what we avoid, I have to say really a huge thank you for that because it's not something that's been discussed on this podcast before, sort of know that brain communicates with body, psychology and biology are linked, but I think this is the first time that anyone's ever directly linked circumstances and biology and psychology in such a concrete way.

[1640] So that's the first thing.

[1641] And I know I speak for many people on that.

[1642] Second of all, we barely scratch the surface of your knowledge, which is both frustrating for me because I always want to learn more and I know many other people do as well, but also very, very exciting because hopefully without much persuasion, we can have you back on to talk about things.

[1643] No persuasion at all.

[1644] Like men, I know you're working with men now, men's health, some particulars around, I think there's more for us to explore in terms of PCOS, menopause, contraception and all of the above.

[1645] But then something that you and I were talking about off camera before we started, which I think is a really important factor that ties back to this issue of trauma and stress and the bidirectional relationship between biology and psychology.

[1646] Hopefully someday we won't even separate those two, which is the use of specific medicines, including plant medicines, and how that can influence overall health, which no doubt will include hormone health.

[1647] So I say all of them.

[1648] that for two reasons.

[1649] First of all, to queue up the, we won't even call it a part two, but a sequel to this, I'm gratified to hear that you'll join us for that.

[1650] And then also to just really extend a huge thank you, the amount of knowledge that you shared is immense and is going to be very, very useful and actionable for men in terms of their thinking and their actions.

[1651] And for women in particular, today's discussion, in particular for women, in terms of how to think about their health and biology, how to think about their psychology and the environment that all of that is embedded in.

[1652] I just want to say an enormous thank you.

[1653] Thank you, Andrew.

[1654] I so appreciate that.

[1655] And I so appreciate what you offer to the world in terms of a way in, a way to understand physiology and how to craft a architect a better life.

[1656] Can I just add one last thing?

[1657] Because I didn't talk about it since we didn't get to the 40s and the 50s in those listed biomarkers.

[1658] So I feel like if people, if women went away with one thing today, it would be to do a coronary artery calcium score by age 45 and sooner if you've got premature heart disease.

[1659] How is that taken?

[1660] So it's a CT scan of the chest.

[1661] You can self -order it.

[1662] Like I think it's Stanford Hospital.

[1663] You can self -order it.

[1664] Last time a patient checked it was $250.

[1665] So again, disposable income.

[1666] But it tells you, it almost gives you, this fork in the road in terms of how much you need to pay attention to cardiometabolic health as a woman.

[1667] And it's 45 for men too.

[1668] So if you haven't had one, have you had one?

[1669] No. You need one.

[1670] Insulin, cortisol, CAC.

[1671] Great.

[1672] So I'll run all that by you.

[1673] It's really essential.

[1674] And it's, yeah, it's so fascinating because, you know, there's some women who have a zero.

[1675] So my score is zero.

[1676] And that's great.

[1677] So often you can just keep doing what you're doing.

[1678] But if you're 45 and you're starting to be elevated or you've got, you know, maybe you've got PCOS or you've got some other biomarkers tending you in this direction toward the number one killer, really eight to nine out of the top 10 killers in the U .S., that allows you to really start to make changes.

[1679] And I think it's essential to know that data.

[1680] It's not, it's probably not going to be offered by, your doctor, certainly Peter Atia is going to offer it, but most conventional doctors are not going to do it.

[1681] And then the last thing I want to say.

[1682] Before you mentioned, so if I were to go to my doctor and I just say, I want a cardiac calcium score.

[1683] That's what people should ask.

[1684] Coronary artery calcium score.

[1685] CAC.

[1686] Okay.

[1687] So everyone hear that and know that if you're 40 or older and maybe if you're 45.

[1688] 45 or older, get it.

[1689] So the last thing is, and this is for men and women, is your A score.

[1690] So adverse childhood experiences.

[1691] Knowing your A score is so essential in terms of a baseline for how much trauma your system, your pine system endured when you were a kid.

[1692] And we know that childhood trauma, whether it's abuse or neglect or, you know, having an alcoholic parent, that maps to disease in middle age.

[1693] And it can give you so much insight.

[1694] I'll give you an example, I've got a patient who had an elevated coronary artery calcium score who does everything right with her food.

[1695] I think it was her trauma that elevated her CAC when she was 45.

[1696] So I think an A score, knowing your A score, starting as a teenager, like knowing it and knowing how to work with that is really essential.

[1697] There are certain people.

[1698] They are exceedingly rare, but you are one such person that when they speak knowledge just comes from comes out of them and it's incredibly useful and helpful knowledge so thank you i'm going to get both of those things good um and i highly recommend that everyone else pursue ways that they can get those or if they can't get them that they you know earmark those as things to get at the point where they they can obtain sufficient disposable income sounds like that the health uh the detriments to health that those can offset would be well worth the cost totally Thank you.

[1699] Thank you for joining me for today's discussion all about female hormone health, vitality, and longevity with Dr. Sarah Gottfried.

[1700] If you'd like to learn more about Dr. Gottfried's work, please check out her social media channels.

[1701] We've provided links to those in the show note captions.

[1702] In addition, please check out one or all of Dr. Gottfried's excellent books that she's written about nutrition, supplementation, and various treatments for hormone health, longevity, and vitality.

[1703] We've linked to two of those, notably women, food, and hormones.

[1704] and her book, The Hormone Cure in our show note captions.

[1705] If you're learning from and or enjoying this podcast, please subscribe to our YouTube channel.

[1706] That's a terrific zero -cost way to support us.

[1707] In addition, please subscribe to the podcast on Spotify and Apple.

[1708] And in addition, on both Spotify and Apple, you can give us up to a five -star review.

[1709] If you have questions or comments or topics or guests that you'd like me to cover on the Huberman Lab podcast, please put those in the comment section on YouTube.

[1710] I do read all the comments.

[1711] In addition, please check out the sponsors mentioned at the beginning.

[1712] of and throughout today's episode.

[1713] That's the best way to support this podcast.

[1714] If you're not already following us on social media, we are Huberman Lab on Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn.

[1715] And I should mention that on both Instagram and Twitter, I cover science and science related tools for mental health, physical health, and performance, some of which overlap with the contents of the Huberman Lab podcast, but much of which is distinct from the contents of the Huberman Lab podcast.

[1716] Again, it's Huberman Lab on all social media channels.

[1717] And if you haven't already subscribed to the Huberman Lab podcast, so -called neural network newsletter.

[1718] That's a monthly newsletter.

[1719] It's completely zero cost.

[1720] And we provide summaries of podcast episodes as well as summaries of tools for everything from optimizing sleep to hormone health, deliberate cold exposure, deliberate heat exposure, fitness, and so on.

[1721] It's very easy to sign up for you.

[1722] Go to Hubermanlab .com, go to the menu and scroll to newsletter.

[1723] You simply provide your email.

[1724] We do not share your email with anybody.

[1725] As I mentioned before, it is completely zero cost.

[1726] Again, that's the neural network newsletter, and you can find it at Hubermanlap .com.

[1727] During today's episode and on many previous episodes of the Huberman Lab podcast, we discuss supplements.

[1728] While supplements aren't necessary for everybody, many people derive tremendous benefit from them for everything from sleep to focus to hormone regulation.

[1729] The Huberman Lab podcast is happy to announce that we partnered with momentous supplements because momentous supplements are of the absolute highest quality.

[1730] Also, they include many single ingredient formulations, which is essential if you want to design a supplement regimen that is both cost effective and the most biologically effective supplement regimen.

[1731] That's very hard to do with blends of supplements.

[1732] It's very straightforward to do with single ingredient formulations.

[1733] Also, Momentus supplements ship internationally, which is important because we realize that many of you reside outside of the United States.

[1734] If you'd like to see the supplements discussed on the Huberman Lab podcast, you can go to Live Momentus spelled OUS.

[1735] So that's LiveMomenus .com slash Huberman.

[1736] Thank you once again for joining me for today's discussion all about female hormone health, vitality, and longevity with Dr. Sarah Gottfried.

[1737] And last but certainly not least, Thank you for your interest in science.