The United States vs. Billie Holiday

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[12] A warning before we begin, this story features some strong language and adult content.

[13] In 1939, the great jazz singer, Billy Holiday, walked onto a stage.

[14] She stands on this stage, and she sang for the first time, a song, called Strange Fruit.

[15] And years Billy Holiday received a warning from agents at the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and the warning said effectively stop singing this song.

[16] Hey, I'm Rand Abdel Fattah.

[17] I'm Ramtin Arablui.

[18] And on this episode of ThruLine from NPR, a special collaboration with NPR Music's Turning the Table series, how Billy Holiday sang the song Strange Fruit and became one of the first victims of the war on drugs.

[19] Hi, this is Soren calling from Denton, Texas, and you're listening to ThruLine from NPR.

[20] I just wanted to say that I binge all of your episodes in the past, like, week, two weeks, time is fake.

[21] I don't know anymore, but I'm fully obsessed.

[22] Love the work that y 'all are doing.

[23] And thanks for bringing history to a new light.

[24] All right.

[25] Bye.

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[31] So why was Billy Holiday on that stage?

[32] And why was the government so interested in her?

[33] To answer those questions, we need to go back to the beginning of her story.

[34] Billy Holiday was born in Philadelphia, but she grew up in Baltimore, Maryland.

[35] She came from a kind of working class, working poor background.

[36] This is Farah Jasmine Griffin.

[37] I am the chair of the African American and African Diaspora Studies Department at Columbia University.

[38] An author of If You Can't Be a Free, Be a Mystery, in Search of Billy Holiday.

[39] Billy's dad was a jazz musician, but wasn't in her life.

[40] much.

[41] Her mom worked around the clock and wasn't a fan of jazz.

[42] Her mother wouldn't let her listen to jazz.

[43] She thought it was the devil's music.

[44] But this was the early 1920s, the era of Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith, and jazz was everywhere.

[45] So Billy Holiday would go to the local brothel where the woman who ran it would play jazz records for her.

[46] She would sit on the floor as a little girl and she'd listen to this jazz.

[47] My name is Johan Hari and I'm the author of the New York Times bestselling book, chasing the scream, the first and last days of the war on drugs.

[48] Billy spent a lot of time on her own.

[49] And when she was 10 years old, a man came up to her and he said, oh, your mom sent for me. He was a 40 -year -old guy.

[50] He said, your mom sent for me, you've got to come with me. So she went with him and he violently raped her.

[51] He was sent to prison for a short time.

[52] As for Billy.

[53] She was given a much more severe.

[54] punishment.

[55] She was accused of being a prostitute as if that's something a 10 -year -old child can be.

[56] She was then taken to a Catholic reform school to live.

[57] Because they said she was rebellious, where the nuns decided to teach her a lesson.

[58] They said she was out of control.

[59] It was her fault this had happened.

[60] Amongst the things they did was lock her in with the dead bodies overnight to scare her.

[61] And Philly Holiday wasn't having any of this.

[62] When she was about 11 years old, Billy left the reform school and went to live with her mom in New York.

[63] And she ends up working in this brothel alongside her mother from when she was 14, which means what that actually means is Billy Holiday is being raped for money by monstrous individuals day after day, after day after day.

[64] This was when Billy's lifelong struggle with addiction began.

[65] She was in horrendous pain, and in that context, she starts trying to anesthetize herself with huge amounts of alcohol.

[66] Eventually, that brothel was raided by the police.

[67] Billy was arrested on charges of prostitution.

[68] And in that moment, she decided...

[69] She decided that she wasn't going to be in those kinds of situations anymore.

[70] So she began singing in after -hours spots in Harlem.

[71] She wasn't really the star.

[72] She was kind of the girl singer for the bands who were the stars, particularly the band leaders.

[73] Ms. Holliday, would you care to tell us about some of the record sessions you were in?

[74] Now, that one back there, for instance, that was made here in New York, I suppose.

[75] Yes, it was.

[76] Well, the first record I were made, it was with Benny Goodman.

[77] Were you scared?

[78] But she got a break when she was, when Barney Josephson, who owned Cafe Society, had her come and sing there.

[79] He said to me, what kind of club are you going to open?

[80] I said, well, I'm going to open a, an interracial nightclub where all people are welcome.

[81] All will be greeted as they should be.

[82] This is Barney Josephson, recounting a conversation he had with a music producer.

[83] And to all of my entertainers and entertainment and musicians will be hired for talent and not for color, we're going to integrate them as much as we can.

[84] And the Negro public will be invited as guests the same as other people.

[85] And then he said, I have a singer for you.

[86] And I said, who is she?

[87] And he said, Billy Holliday.

[88] I'd never heard of Billy Holiday.

[89] At this point, no one really knew who she was.

[90] Billy would sing in obscure Harlem nightclubs.

[91] She wasn't technically trained, couldn't even read music.

[92] But she was really good.

[93] And people started paying attention to her.

[94] When she was 18, she put out her first record as part of a group led by Benny Goodman, the King of Swing.

[95] She later became a regular headliner at Barney's Club, Cafe Society, and earned the nickname Lady Day.

[96] Billy Holiday was a rising star.

[97] You have a most unusual style.

[98] Everybody says that.

[99] How did you develop it?

[100] Did it just come out of the finger?

[101] Well, I always wanted to sing like Louis Armstrong played.

[102] I always wanted to sing like an instrument, you know, like any instrument, you know.

[103] In the late 1930s, a new song was brought to Billy Holiday at Cafe Society.

[104] It was written by a man named Abel Mirren.

[105] Poor Poole, whose pin name was Lewis Allen.

[106] He sings this song to her, and she looked at me and said, after he finished it, and said, What do you want me to do with that, man?

[107] And I said, to be wonderful if you would sing it, if you care to, you don't have to.

[108] She says, he wants me to sing it, I sings it, and she sang it.

[109] And that song was strange fruit.

[110] And Billy Holiday sang it.

[111] in that way, that very slow tempo way, that off -the -beat way.

[112] She had exquisite diction, that it was hard not to be moved by it.

[113] The poem, because it is a poem, is full of imagery.

[114] A kind of sensual imagery.

[115] This metaphor of black bodies as the fruit.

[116] on the lynching tree, and that the corruption, the violence isn't only at the fruit, it's at the root of the tree, that the tree itself is imbued with this history of racial trauma and racial violence.

[117] You know, calling on our sense of smell, scent of magnolia, smooth and sweet, right?

[118] You have that magnolia blending with the smell of burning flesh, which talks about the kind of barbaric ritual of lynching.

[119] It's a very explicit, difficult song, but, you know, also presented in the figurative language of poetry.

[120] Strange Fruit is, at its core, a protest song, graphic and unflinching in its imagery, in its rejection of white supremacy and violence against African Americans.

[121] And she decided that she wanted to record it, and her record label would not.

[122] They didn't think that it was going to be a commercial hit.

[123] So she took it to a small independent label and recorded it.

[124] When we come back, strange fruit is released, and Billy Holiday makes an enemy in the government.

[125] This is MJ from Vancouver, and you're a loose to three line on NPR.

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[130] In 1939, Strange Fruit was released, and it became an instant hit.

[131] But pretty quickly, it began to attract negative attention.

[132] Billy Holiday got a lot of pushback from club owners who would tell her not to sing it.

[133] You've got to understand how shocking this song.

[134] was at the time.

[135] Her goddaughter Lorraine Feather said that to me. This was not a time when there were political pop songs.

[136] The top song at the time was called P .S. I love you.

[137] And to have an African -American woman standing in front of a white audience singing a song against white supremacy and its violence was viscerally shocking at that moment.

[138] And it's around this time that Billy Holiday became the focus of government attention.

[139] She had been so harassed by a narcotics agents, you know, I mean, just in inhumane and absurd ways.

[140] Over the years, Billy struggled with alcohol and drug addiction, and federal agents use that as an excuse to target her.

[141] One FBI memo quotes the source in the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, saying, because of the importance of holiday, it has been the policy of this bureau to discredit individuals of this caliber using narcotics.

[142] They would threaten her that if she sang the song, you know, that they would arrest her or harass her.

[143] There was one agent in particular who was hell -bent on getting her to stop singing in the song.

[144] His name, Harry Anslinger.

[145] I think Harry Anslinger is the most influential person who no one's ever heard of.

[146] He invented the modern War on Drugs.

[147] And we live in the world that Harry Anslinger made, not just in the United States.

[148] States, but across the world.

[149] Come behind the scene at Washington, D .C., and meet the chief of the U .S. Federal Bureau of Narcotics, Mr. Harry J. Anslinger.

[150] So Harry Anslinger was a government bureaucrat who took over the Department of Prohibition, just as alcohol prohibition was ending.

[151] So you've had this big war on alcohol.

[152] He was a key part of fighting it in the Bahamas, intercepting alcohol smugglers, where he said they should use maximum force and violence, and they've lost the war on alcohol.

[153] The decisive vote of the 36th state against prohibition is happy news for the great raises of the United States.

[154] And I am confident that the United States of America wants for a bail.

[155] So he's got this government department that's part of the Treasury Department that's basically going to have nothing to do quite soon.

[156] And he wants to keep his department going.

[157] And he invented the modern war on drugs as the pretext for his department.

[158] The Treasury Department intends to pursue a religious.

[159] warfare against the despicable dope -pedaling vulture who prays on the weakness of his fellow man. And he built it around two really strong hatreds he had.

[160] One was a really strong hatred of people with addiction problems.

[161] As a young man, on the farm he lived on in Altoona, in Pennsylvania.

[162] He'd lived next door to a farmer's wife who had a morphine addiction.

[163] He'd been really traumatized by seeing her addicted.

[164] He'd resolved to kind of crush people like her.

[165] And the other group he really hated were African Americans and Latinos.

[166] I mean, he was so racist that he was regarded as a crazy racist in the 1920s.

[167] His own senator for Pennsylvania said he should have to resign because he used the N -word so often in official police memos.

[168] And to him, Billy Holliday was the incarnation of everything he hated.

[169] She is an African -American woman standing up to white supremacy in a stunningly brave way.

[170] And Billy Holiday had an addiction problem.

[171] She'd been monstrously raped for money as a child more times than we know how to count.

[172] And to deal with the pain and the grief of that, she was using a huge amount of alcohol and a huge amount of heroin.

[173] One night when Billy was slated to sing strange fruit, she received a warning from Anslinger.

[174] And the warning said, effectively, stop singing this song.

[175] She arrived at the club, got on stage, and sang.

[176] Billy Holliday's response, typical of her life, was effectively, Screw you, I'm an American citizen, I'll sing what I damn well please.

[177] And at that point, Harry Anslinger resolves to destroy her.

[178] But Billy Holiday refused to back down.

[179] In fact, Strange Fruit became her signature song.

[180] It would be the last song of her set.

[181] she would demand silence, she wouldn't sing if it wasn't silent.

[182] There'd be like this kind of pinpoint light on that beautiful face.

[183] She understood the import of the song and had become identified with it.

[184] And as Billy continued to sing strange fruit, Anslinger devised a plan to take her down.

[185] The first person who Anslinger sent to stalk Billy Holiday to gather information so that they could bust and arrest her, was an agent called Jimmy Fletcher.

[186] Harry Anslinger hated employing African -Americans, but you couldn't really send a white guy into Harlem to stalk Billy Holiday.

[187] It would be kind of obvious.

[188] So he employed a guy called Jimmy Fletcher who was known as a bag man. So Jimmy Fletcher's brief was, follow Billy Holiday everywhere she goes, befriend her, document her drug use, and get it ready for an indictment.

[189] So for more than a year, Jimmy Fletcher follows Billy Holiday everywhere.

[190] He gets to know her, He dances with her in Harlem nightclubs.

[191] He gets to play with their little dog.

[192] They get on really well.

[193] And Jimmy Fletcher was someone who had no sympathy for people with addiction problems.

[194] He said they brought it on themselves.

[195] They deserve to be punished.

[196] They deserve to be broken.

[197] But Billy Holliday was so amazing that Jimmy Fletcher fell in love with her.

[198] Despite those feelings, he did what he was sent to do.

[199] So he goes to bust her.

[200] She locks herself in the bathroom.

[201] He tells her to pass her.

[202] the drugs under the door.

[203] She says, no, you come and inspect me. She makes him inspect him.

[204] She wants him to see what he's doing to her.

[205] She's arrested.

[206] She's put on trial.

[207] The trial was called the United States versus Billy Holiday and she said that's how it felt.

[208] Billy was sentenced to a year in prison.

[209] She doesn't sing a word in prison.

[210] She's really haunted by what Jimmy Fletcher did even years later.

[211] And his whole life, he felt really guilty about what he did.

[212] But Harry Enslinger was just getting started.

[213] When we come back, the war against Billy Holiday intensifies.

[214] This is Will.

[215] And I'm from Addison, Texas, and you're listening to ThruLine from NPR.

[216] On the TED Radio Hour, MIT psychologist Sherry Turkle, her latest research into the intimate relationships people are having with chatbots.

[217] Technologies that say, I care about you.

[218] I love you.

[219] I'm here for you.

[220] Take care of me. The pros and cons of artificial intimacy that's on the TED Radio Hour from NPR.

[221] When Billy Holliday got out of prison, Harry Anslinger made sure she wouldn't be able to sing anywhere.

[222] At that time, to perform anywhere where alcohol was served in most cities, you needed something called a cabaret performers license.

[223] And they made sure that Billy Holliday was denied a cabaret performance.

[224] He took away singing from Billy Holiday.

[225] On top of that, Anslinger sent another agent to stalker.

[226] His name is Colonel George White.

[227] And he really is sent to be the kind of harder fist after Jimmy Fletcher had gone soft.

[228] So he tracks her around the country.

[229] He goes to hear her sing and perform in San Francisco.

[230] It's one of the few places where she was able to do it.

[231] He said he wasn't impressed.

[232] Meanwhile, Billy was trying to get sober.

[233] She would go months at a time without using drugs or alcohol, which didn't exactly help Anslinger's campaign against her.

[234] So one night...

[235] They bust her, and it's pretty clear, I think, from reading the historical documents that he planted drugs on Billy Holiday that night.

[236] White has her busted, she's broken and destroyed again, she's really back on the path of addiction.

[237] For the next few years, Billy was stuck in the cycle of addiction.

[238] addiction and remission, and her career began to decline.

[239] By the mid -1950s, she'd been arrested many times on drug charges.

[240] Still, she continued to sing Strange Fruit.

[241] You know, no matter what they did to her, An Slinger and his agents, Billy Holliday never stopped singing Strange Fruit.

[242] She would always find somewhere to do it.

[243] She would go to the worst parts of the Deep South, where they threw bottles at the stage and she sang her song.

[244] The kind of courage, not only that she would risk her career and her career mobility, but that she actually risked her life and her freedom because she felt that she had to sing this song.

[245] In 1959, after years of battling addiction and harassment from agents, she collapsed.

[246] The first hospital she was taken to, refused to take her because she had an addiction problem.

[247] They took her to another hospital and this one did allow her in.

[248] But she said to her friend Maly Duffy on the way in that Anselinger wasn't finished with her.

[249] She said, they're going to kill me in there.

[250] Don't let them.

[251] She wasn't wrong.

[252] Billy was taken to the hospital and diagnosed with liver disease.

[253] So she's very ill and she goes into heroin withdrawal because she's not given any in the hospital.

[254] And Mali Duffy, her friend, managed to insist that she was given methadone and she began to recover.

[255] Obviously, heroin withdrawal is very dangerous if you're extremely physically weak as she was.

[256] Anslinger's men come into the hospital and arrest her on her hospital bed.

[257] I really think that the arrest took a lot out of her.

[258] Billy's friend Alice Vrupsky remembers that moment.

[259] It sort of was like the last straw that the public or the system could do to her.

[260] And I think that that really took the heart out of her.

[261] She's obviously profoundly distressed by this.

[262] I actually interviewed the last surviving person who'd been in that room.

[263] A wonderful man named Reverend Eugene Callender had set up the first kind of, we'd call it really a rehab center now for jazz musicians in Harlem.

[264] him, he'd known a lot of jazz musicians.

[265] And he saw what they were doing to her, right?

[266] He saw that this was risking, killing her.

[267] He actually led a protest outside the hospital with signs saying, let Lady Day live.

[268] Lots of people joined him.

[269] They could see what they were doing.

[270] After 10 days, as part of Anselinger's policy, the methadone was cut off.

[271] She was in very bad shape.

[272] I could see on her face and in her whole condition that she wasn't well.

[273] And she could see it on my face.

[274] And she said, don't look at me that way.

[275] I'm not any better.

[276] And I said, good night.

[277] And I said, I'll see you tomorrow.

[278] And I came home and the phone rang sometime early that next morning.

[279] And it was Earl and he said, lady's gone.

[280] One of her friends told the BBC that she looked like she had been violently wrenched from life.

[281] And when the Reverend Eugene Calendar delivers, her eulogy in Harlem.

[282] They had to actually have police around the church because they believed that people would riot because they were so angry because they could see that Billy Holiday had been killed.

[283] Reverend Callender said, you know, we shouldn't be here.

[284] This is a person who should have lived to be 80 years old.

[285] This is a person who had an incredible contribution to make.

[286] And Harry I think I was very proud of what he did.

[287] He wrote after her death, for her, there would be no more good morning heartache.

[288] A member of the public wrote to him a poem that he kept in a special place.

[289] It said, until the last judge proclaims that the last addict has died, then, not till then, may you be retired.

[290] A couple of years after Billy Holiday's death, Anslinger went on to receive an honor from President John F. Kennedy for his years of service.

[291] To Harry Jacob Anslinger, distinguished citizen, in your dedicated efforts to come combat the illegal traffic and narcotic drugs, you have fashioned an effective organization to pursue this objective.

[292] Your noteworthy achievements in this field have earned for you the respect of the world community.

[293] Signed, John F. Kennedy.

[294] So we see in this story what the drug war was about at the start, right?

[295] It was about profound racism.

[296] At the same time that Harry Anslinger discovered that Billy Holiday had an addiction problem, he found out that Judy Garland, Dorothy from the Wizard of Oz, also had an addiction problem.

[297] By the way, that really changes how you watch the Wizard of Oz once you know that.

[298] So we know what he did to Billy Holiday.

[299] He stalks and effectively kills her.

[300] What did he do to Judy Garland?

[301] He goes to visit her.

[302] He advises her to take slightly longer vacations.

[303] What's the difference?

[304] We see the difference.

[305] Years later, Harry Anslinger finds out that a man he really admired, Senator Joseph McCarthy, had an addiction to opiates.

[306] What does he do with Senator Joseph McCarthy?

[307] Does he break him and destroy him like he did with Billy Holiday?

[308] No, he arranges for a pharmacy in Washington, D .C. to discreetly give him a legal version of the drug.

[309] And Johann Hari says that racial bias continues to frame the war on drugs to this day.

[310] African Americans and Latinos are no more likely to sell or use drugs than other ethnic groups.

[311] They make up the vast majority of the people who go to prison for them.

[312] We also see what the war on drugs has always done to people with addiction problems, right?

[313] It makes their addictions worse.

[314] It makes them more likely to die.

[315] Johan says we should rethink our whole approach to addiction, to have more empathy, something embodied in the story of Billy Holiday and strange fruit.

[316] The thing I think of when I think of Billy Holiday singing that song is the man standing in front of the tank in Tiananmen Square.

[317] You know, there is this force rolling over her.

[318] and she stands and she sings.

[319] And not just a story about race, right?

[320] Although clearly it is predominantly a story about race.

[321] Also a story about addiction.

[322] You know, shortly before she died, Billy Holiday said, this is a quote from her, imagine if the government chased sick people with diabetes, drove insulin into the black market, and told doctors they couldn't treat them, then sent them to jail.

[323] If we did that, everyone would know we were crazy, Yet we do practically the same thing every day to sick people hooked on drugs.

[324] And all over the world today, with a few honorable exceptions like Portugal and Switzerland, we still follow the drug war script that was written by Harry Anslinger.

[325] And every day, Billy Holliday makes people stronger and Harry Anslinger makes people weaker.

[326] And in a way, the struggle that this story tells is still ongoing.

[327] And Farah Griffin says the legacy of Billy Holiday extends way beyond her.

[328] addiction.

[329] When a Colin Cabernet takes the knee and continues to do it, right?

[330] He transcends football.

[331] And I think that's what she does.

[332] And I think that's why she's important.

[333] And we're at the point now where we applaud anything like, oh, such and such a person took a stance.

[334] You know, they take a stance and it's not necessarily, they aren't going to get the hit that Billy Holiday got.

[335] They aren't going to go to prison because they sang a song, right?

[336] So I think it's important to remember that she did that when the cost and the consequences were much, much harsher.

[337] Billy Holliday had a friend called Yolanda Bavann, who was a very young jazz singer.

[338] She called Yolanda, her daughter.

[339] And I said to Yolanda when I interviewed her for the book, what would you say to Billy Holiday if you could speak to her now?

[340] And she told me how Billy Holliday, right at the end, thought that Anselinger had destroyed her, that no one would remember her.

[341] And she said, I'd say to her, Billy, this morning I went into Whole Foods in Columbus Circle and they were playing your songs.

[342] Nobody forgot you, baby.

[343] That's it for this week's show.

[344] I'm Randad de Fattah.

[345] I'm Ramtin Arablui and you've been listening to ThruLine from NPR.

[346] This episode was produced by me. And me and Jamie York.

[347] Jordana Hochman.

[348] Lawrence Wu.

[349] Lane Kaplan Levinson.

[350] the summer.

[351] Nigerie Eaton.

[352] Jane Gilvin, fact -checked this episode.

[353] And a special thanks to Jason Fuller and Anya Grumman.

[354] Our music was composed by Ramtin and his band, Drop Electric.

[355] If you like something you heard or you have an idea for an episode, please write us at ThruLine .npr .org.

[356] Or hit us up on Twitter at ThruLine NPR.

[357] And if you want to hear more about Billy Holiday or other amazing women musicians from American history, check out the Turning to Table series from NPR music by going to npr .org slash turning the tables.

[358] And before we go, we wanted to give you a taste of our special series on voting and democracy that starts next week.

[359] We think it's essential listening for the moment we're in, and we'd love it if you'd spread the word.

[360] Episode one about the Electoral College drops next week.

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[365] That's the battle plane we're on.

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[367] That the will of the people matters.

[368] But when you pull back the curtain, is that really true?

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