Fighting Fires and Family Secrets

[0] This message comes from NPR sponsor PolicyGenius, where you can get peace of mind by finding the right life insurance.

[1] Some policies started just $292 per year for $1 million of coverage.

[2] Head to policygenius .com to see how much you could save.

[3] Hey, everyone.

[4] This week we have a special Thanksgiving treat for you from two amazing members of our team.

[5] Before they joined us, they were already creating incredibly rich audio stories on their own.

[6] And today we're going to share two of them with you.

[7] The first story we're going to share is from our amazing intern, Anya Steinberg, who won last year's NPR student podcast challenge.

[8] With her story, he's just 23 chromosomes.

[9] And the second story is from Victory Veyes, who started with us as an intern during the pandemic and is now making our radio show.

[10] He recently helped produce a series for Montana Public Radio called Fireline.

[11] The series is about what wildfire means for the West, for our planet, and for our way of life.

[12] We really hope you enjoy these stories.

[13] And thanks to Anya, Victor, and the rest of the ThruLine team for being such fantastic people to work with every single week.

[14] Stick around for our first story.

[15] He's just 23 chromosomes from Anya Steinberg.

[16] I just don't want to leave a mess.

[17] On Bullseye, the great Dan Aykroyd talks about the Blues Brothers, Ghostbusters, and his very detailed plans about how he will spend his afterlife.

[18] I think I'm going to roam in a few places.

[19] Yes, I'm going to manifest in Rome.

[20] All that and more on the Bullseye podcast from Maximumfund .org and NPR.

[21] On the TED Radio Hour, MIT psychologist Sherry Turkle, her latest research into the intimate relationships people are having with chatbots.

[22] Technologies that say, I care about you, I love you, I'm here for you, take care of me. The pros and cons of artificial intimacy.

[23] That's on the TED Radio Hour.

[24] from NPR.

[25] Here's our first story from our current intern, Anya Steinberg.

[26] Hey, I'm Anya Steinberg, and I produced the story.

[27] He's just 23 chromosomes.

[28] It's a story that explores a family secret I found out later in my life, and my hunt for someone who I know as donor number 3046.

[29] What I discovered ended up changing my whole outlook on who I am as a person today.

[30] And just a note, there's some adult language in this piece.

[31] Here's the story.

[32] Hi, I'm Anya, and today I'm going to tell you the story of an immaculate conception.

[33] It didn't happen in the Bible.

[34] It happened on my mom's lunch break, in a sterile room.

[35] What my mom likes to say about it is this.

[36] I fucked a syringe, and then I had two kids.

[37] Me and my younger brother, Ari, were products of artificial insemination.

[38] We're from the same donor, who my mom and dad picked out online.

[39] There was only one Cairo Bank in all of Minnesota.

[40] We went to them, and there were no Korean donors.

[41] I went back and called...

[42] And why did you want a Korean donor specifically?

[43] Well, because dad was Korean.

[44] You couldn't just have any old Asian?

[45] No, we weren't going to have...

[46] No. They ended up going through a cryobank in California, where they chose donor 3046.

[47] He was a medical student at Stanford, with good grades.

[48] Or so I thought.

[49] And I swear to God, I thought we picked the doctor.

[50] Last year was the first time I tried finding my sperm dad in the cryobank's database.

[51] I typed 3046 into the search bar and immediately had to call my mom.

[52] We picked the jazz musician and then I remember when you guys said that to me, you and your brother, that we decided to go with the artist.

[53] It was like, well, you're an artist and you're Korean and he's Korean and he's an artist.

[54] That'd be cool.

[55] The cryobank gives limited information that you can access for free.

[56] Reading through his files, my mind was spinning.

[57] My brain couldn't keep up with my eyes.

[58] I was like, 165 pounds, medium tan skin, born in Seoul, Korea.

[59] Plays trumpet.

[60] Outgoing.

[61] Dreams of directing a major motion picture.

[62] I was shook.

[63] I had this identity crisis.

[64] Like, who am I?

[65] My dad was supposed to be this straight -laced, studious guy, captivated by the intricate systems that make up the human body.

[66] And that made sense, because I liked systems, too, just bigger ones.

[67] I was on track to become an ecologist.

[68] I was contemplating Ph .D. programs and research conferences.

[69] But all of a sudden, I was like, my dad isn't a doctor.

[70] My dad is creative.

[71] It's in my genes to be creative.

[72] And maybe that's why I'm sitting here today, making this podcast instead of applying to grad school.

[73] Our parents got divorced when I was in third grade and Ari was in kindergarten.

[74] At this point, we didn't know we were sperm donor kids.

[75] We had a tumultuous relationship with our dad.

[76] He didn't always treat us well, like he wasn't.

[77] wasn't the most stand -up guy.

[78] But to us, he was still our dad.

[79] So despite the hard times, we kept trying to make it work.

[80] And that's the way our dad wanted it.

[81] I had this little file and I thought, oh, gee, they'll become 21 and they'll have all these questions.

[82] And I thought, oh, I'll have the record.

[83] But then your dad burned all the records.

[84] It was super important to me that at some point we have to tell these kids.

[85] Now, your dad never wanted to.

[86] If he could keep it a secret from you guys forever, then you would forever love and adore him as dad, like all -encompassing dad.

[87] Maybe our dad was right to want to keep the truth from us, because when our mom told us something broke, when Ari found out about donor dad, he said he was relieved.

[88] Like, my perception just changed from, you know, like I felt like since I was his son, I owed him something.

[89] But, you know, finding out that you're not really related to this dude, I just felt like that was a relief off.

[90] shoulders because I could just be like, all right, fuck this guy.

[91] But yeah, I just feel like it just, you know, gave me relief because it was kind of like my exit ticket.

[92] Sometimes I wonder if, when the truth was revealed, our dad felt relieved too.

[93] The charade was up.

[94] The blood that was the bond that held us together dissolved.

[95] Ari and I started making excuses to ignore the custody schedule, and our dad started making excuses to skip our school conferences and orchestra concerts.

[96] Until one day, we just didn't know each other anymore.

[97] Every other year or so now, he'll call on my birthday and leave a message.

[98] I was calling to wish you a happy birthday.

[99] I called last night, but I didn't hear back from you.

[100] I'll call you here, and I'm like when I think you're out of school.

[101] Goodbye.

[102] I only call back sometimes.

[103] I'd like to say I'm the headstrong one, and that eventually I decided to be super fulfilled and independent without a father.

[104] But that's Ari.

[105] I'm not looking for a dad.

[106] You're not on the market for dad.

[107] I'm not, it's not, the dad market is closed.

[108] Stocks are turning down.

[109] Because, you know, I got me, so that's all I really need.

[110] Ari isn't even curious about who sperm dad is.

[111] I'm not that into, like, finding out.

[112] Why not?

[113] I'm not really looking for, like, a father figure and some random stranger that, you know, just nutted into a cup.

[114] But I am obsessed.

[115] Spermdad is my glossy fantasy.

[116] Thinking about him, it's the kind of thing where I find myself melting holes in my ceiling with my eyes, just completely lost in my head.

[117] I imagine his voice would sound deep, oaky and reassuring.

[118] He wouldn't be like those serious Koreans.

[119] He would laugh and laugh, especially at what I said.

[120] He would teach me Korean and tell me all about why our family crossed the Pacific from Seoul to California.

[121] These Spermdad fantasies have a darker side, though.

[122] In all of the ways my dad failed me, sperm dad could too.

[123] And when that darker side creeps in, I feel...

[124] Han, Han, Han.

[125] There's this Korean word, Han.

[126] It has no direct translation in English.

[127] The best I can say about it is that it's this swirling mix of deep sorrow, resentment, grief, regret, and anger that some say lives inside every Korean.

[128] It's an echo of the traumas Koreans have experienced, from Japanese occupation to American imperialism and war.

[129] Apparently, it runs through our veins.

[130] It's written in the helixes of our DNA.

[131] Han has its tendrils wrapped around the Korean heart.

[132] Han is the only Korean word I know, which is fitting, because the only Koreanness I have lives in a man I've never met.

[133] Han is why I haven't called the cryobank yet to see if I could reach out.

[134] I realize I don't even know if he's alive.

[135] And even if he is, it's possible the records are sealed, which means that if I wanted to meet him, I would tell the cryobank and then they would contact him and ask if he wanted to talk to me. If he said no, case closed.

[136] I would never get to know who he is, which seems so unfair.

[137] I wish I could just run into him on the street and get in his face, like waving my hands around shouting, hey, here's what I am.

[138] Don't you want to know that I was Earth Club president in high school?

[139] Don't you want to know that I used to pee my pants a little bit every time I laughed?

[140] Don't you want to know that I read Harry Potter 14 times?

[141] Like a father, I wonder if he could love me despite, despite the fact that I could be a real know -adol growing up.

[142] Despite the time when I was eight and I got mad and kicked my brother in the face, I've cheated on a test.

[143] I drank underage.

[144] I'm a nervous driver and once I had crashed my car and totaled it, I wonder if he could forgive me. My mom miscarried a child before me, a girl, and she miscarried my little brother's twin.

[145] Sperm Dad has lost two kids he didn't even know he had.

[146] I wonder if he would mourn too.

[147] I'm scared the answer to everything will be no. But for the sake of this story, I'm going to be brave.

[148] That was, he's just 23 chromosomes from our fabulous intern, Anya Steinberg.

[149] Her friend Dan Archibald wrote all the music.

[150] Stay tuned for our second story right after this break.

[151] Numbers that explain the economy.

[152] We love them at the indicator from Planet Money, and on Fridays we discuss indicators in the news, like job numbers, spending, the cost of food, Sometimes all three.

[153] So my indicator is about why you might need to bring home more bacon to afford your eggs.

[154] I'll be here all week.

[155] Wrap up your week and listen to the Indicator podcast from NPR.

[156] Every weekday, NPR's best political reporters come to you on the NPR Politics Podcast to explain the big news coming out of Washington, the campaign trail, and beyond.

[157] We don't just want to tell you what happened.

[158] We tell you why it matters.

[159] Join the NPR Politics podcast every single afternoon to understand.

[160] understand the world through political eyes.

[161] Next up is our second story.

[162] It's from Thulein producer Victor Iveyas.

[163] Fun fact, Victor would love nothing more than to go on Joe Rogan and talk about this piece.

[164] So Joe Rogan, if you're listening, should have them on your show.

[165] So without further ado, here's an amazing episode from the series Fireline, produced by our very own Victor Iveyes.

[166] Hey, I'm Victor Iveez, and I helped produce the Montana Public Radio series.

[167] Fireline.

[168] Wildfire is a part of life across the western United States.

[169] By just about every measure, wildfires are becoming bigger, hotter, and more devastating.

[170] But it's really important to keep in mind that fire is normal.

[171] Forest health in many ecosystems depends on fire.

[172] Fireline is about our long, complicated relationship with fire, and what wildfires mean for our planet and our way of life.

[173] And today we'll be sharing the fourth episode from the series, The Gift of Fire.

[174] It's a story about bringing fire back to the landscape and how indigenous knowledge of fire and its role was suppressed with the arrival of European settlers.

[175] As climate change leads to more severe wildfires, indigenous groups across the country are working to bring back their tribal relationships with fire.

[176] Today, you'll hear the story of the Confederate Salish and Cootney tribes in Northwest Montana, and their attempts to revive that relationship.

[177] I, along with our executive producer, Nick Mott, reported, wrote, produced, and edited the series.

[178] And here's the creator and host the Fireline, Justin Engel.

[179] Hope you enjoy it.

[180] I met father and son, Tony Inkoshola Jr., and Tony Inkoshola Sr., in the height of fire season last year.

[181] We met in a lush, peaceful forest of widely spaced trees in the foothills of the rugged Mission mountains on the Flathead Reservation, just north of Missoula.

[182] The reservation is home to the Confederate Salish and Cootney tribes.

[183] This is a tiny sliver of the tribe's ancestral land.

[184] More than 20 million acres in Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, and British Columbia, they've inhabited for at least 10 ,000 years.

[185] You're going to say something first.

[186] No, you're going to start.

[187] They wanted to interview you.

[188] I'm just along for the ride.

[189] We'll just call these two.

[190] Junior and Senior.

[191] They're both tribal members, and they took me to this particular forest to tell me about a big experiment here that shaped what the forest is today.

[192] Junior's the head of forestry for the tribes.

[193] He's wearing a trucker cap, a bright blue athletic t -shirt, and cargo pants, with a little burst of a goatee on his chin.

[194] How did you get into this work?

[195] Just as a kid, I lived here, so this is what I do.

[196] I come to the woods all the time.

[197] I hunted, I fished, I gathered, I recreated, hiked.

[198] Back when Junior was a kid, tromping around the woods, this forest looked a lot different than it does today.

[199] This spot is called the Jocko Prairie, named after the nearby Jocko River.

[200] But back then, the place looked more like a jungle than a prairie.

[201] Very dense looking, very tight, slow -growing, a lot of competition, a ton of stems, per acre.

[202] This, a congested swath of ponderosa pine, is a forest type where fire suppression has played a major role in the buildup of fuel.

[203] Just like in the rest of the west, fire in this area was treated as an enemy for about a century.

[204] Without periodic flames, little baby trees and other undergrowth grew and spread, clogged the place up.

[205] To add to the mix, cattle were grazing through here.

[206] You'd have to watch where you step for one thing.

[207] That's Senior.

[208] He has well -kept white hair and glasses and a collection of pens in the chest pocket of his polo shirt.

[209] Junior grew up following his dad around the woods, watching and learning from him.

[210] And today, when Senior starts to talk about this place and what it means to the tribe, Junior mostly stands back and let Senior lead.

[211] You know, I had the opportunity, and fortunate enough to be born and raised in a time period that last, probably the last part, generation of elders that really understood the traditional values of who we are as a people and also the last ones that actually lived that way.

[212] For almost five decades, he's been working for the Culture Committee here.

[213] To keep traditions and knowledge alive, that could otherwise slip through the country.

[214] cracks.

[215] I still learn something new every day from my elders, and that's something that education like that is a lifetime thing.

[216] It doesn't this come and go.

[217] You're not born, you go to school, you get a degree, and doesn't that, and it's over, no. Education continues on and on.

[218] Seniors' education about fire started when he was a kid, looking up to his grandma.

[219] He remembers seeing the smoke in the mountains after a summer thunderstorm.

[220] She looked at that smoke and told him that it wasn't something to be feared, that soon there would be new growth and new life there.

[221] She was adamant, I mean, supporter of fires, knowing that, that she said the creator is cleaning his room.

[222] And it wasn't just fires off in the mountains.

[223] We all have our favorite camping spots, our favorite hunting areas.

[224] Well, when I was growing up, grown up is no different.

[225] And in those areas, the first thing we do was to get there.

[226] My grandma, who was the head in charge of camp, she would select an area.

[227] She said, we're going to camp, this is our campus.

[228] My dad and my brothers and I, the first thing we would do is clear it and burn it.

[229] Burning the land would prepare it for hunting and for harvesting.

[230] You can kind of think about it as a garden.

[231] you know, a gardener out there taking care of his garden.

[232] You know, you've got to weed it, you've got to do things.

[233] Well, the bigger garden here is fire is used.

[234] That's the role of the fire.

[235] Comes in and cleans it out, and in some areas it needs help.

[236] Looking back even farther, certain members of the tribe had a very special relationship with fire.

[237] They understood its behavior, how it would interact with upcoming rain or snow and how it could rejuvenate the landscape.

[238] They had what they called firemakers.

[239] In our language, they called them Paham, which is kind of a firebog firemaker.

[240] There were several of them that would study, would understand the environment, the growth, the different things.

[241] These people were the ones that set the fire.

[242] They knew when, they knew where, they knew the weather, and they were the ones that would set the fire.

[243] He tells us more about that childhood camping spot.

[244] It was along a river in northwest Montana.

[245] It is now the Flathead River.

[246] It used to be called the Ponderay River, which was after the Upper Calispell people.

[247] The Ponderay are actually Calispell, in our language which means people of the camus That plant, Camus, is an important one to know.

[248] Camus is a flower that blooms bright purple in the summer.

[249] Traditionally, Salish women gathered and baked the bulbs of Camus.

[250] One single woman might have gathered upwards of 4 ,000 pounds of the plant in a year.

[251] It was crucial for the survival of the tribe.

[252] But its use, and even, its presence on the landscape has plummeted since colonization.

[253] Here in the Jocko Prairie, let's rewind just 10 years, and the place is covered in cow patties.

[254] It's an overgrown jungle, a far cry from what it once was.

[255] You know, our elders have always said that there was camis in this area, but nobody believed because they couldn't see it.

[256] Elders and others in the tribe took note of the damage to the ecosystem.

[257] They said something has to be done.

[258] They can't go camping in their spots.

[259] They can't do recreation their spots without stepping on some cowshit or drinking water anymore.

[260] They have to bring water because of it.

[261] That's when they started thinking about and started hammering our tribal leaders about what's necessary.

[262] So what was necessary?

[263] Those elders wanted to breathe life back into this area.

[264] to get it back to that lush, wide -open space.

[265] But doing so meant bringing fire back to the landscape.

[266] And that's no easy feat.

[267] We'll go back to Junior and Senior in a bit.

[268] But first, we need to understand how, for the tribe, fire had a very different meaning than it did for much of the rest of the country.

[269] When Germain White started thinking about those two different meanings.

[270] I saw this extraordinary collision of cultures that occurred historically.

[271] Germain's also an enrolled member of the Confederate Salish and Cootney tribes, and she spent decades working for the tribes in cultural preservation, and she got thinking about the tribe's relationship with fire while working on a project about tribal place names, as in what areas are called.

[272] There are oftentimes names that come from coyote stories that tell about the making of places.

[273] So the creation of this landscape, they talk about resources that are on the land, or they talk about land forms.

[274] So this is some of the oldest memory of tribal people that our elders have carried from their ancestors and then have passed on to their children.

[275] What I saw at that time was that these places that the elders had known throughout their lives, so this is in the late 90s, these places that have been known for 12 or 14 ,000 years conservatively were changing within their lifetimes.

[276] There was development, infrastructure, there were roads, there was all kinds of change that had occurred.

[277] But how did the landscape change so profoundly?

[278] As she talked to elders about how the land used to be, she started to realize that the cause of all that change wasn't just development.

[279] Fire had given the landscape some of the characteristics those names carried.

[280] Fire suppression was one of the forces that made things so different.

[281] I began to understand the role of fire in shaping this cultural landscape that our elders knew and loved.

[282] Now, this is one.

[283] tribe's view of wildfire.

[284] And the federal government recognizes more than 500 tribes in the U .S. The specifics of tribal relationships with fire vary to some extent across the country.

[285] But before white settlers took over the land, it's fair to say that those relationships developed from living alongside and often utilizing wildfire.

[286] But as the U .S. government confronted tribes, it corralled native people into reservations, killed them, forced them into boarding schools, outlawed traditional ceremonies and practices.

[287] As this mission to suppress indigenous culture gained steam, very different ideas about fire took hold.

[288] I also began learning about the early history of visitors and strangers that came to this landscape and how many of them came from Europe, from a Christian background and a built environment where fire was not considered a gift.

[289] You know, we can think about the fires of hell, or the destruction of residential fire.

[290] Germaine had written down a passage from an essay by ethnobotanist Nancy Turner.

[291] And she said, quote, it's ironic that the landscape so appreciated by the early explorers and colonists actually were created by the very fires they feared and disliked.

[292] Well, that pretty much sums up the cultural collision that occurred when visitors and strangers came to this land where people were making fire, using fire as a powerful tool.

[293] In the middle of the 20th century, as our national war against fire seized the country, so did an obsession with wilderness, areas we value for the natural beauty and lack of obvious human impact.

[294] Congress was specific in defining what wilderness is.

[295] This is from a U .S. Fish and Wildlife Service video about the Wilderness Act, which passed in 1964.

[296] A wilderness, in contrast to those areas where man and his works dominate the landscape, is an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain.

[297] Let me say that again.

[298] Combined, the areas designated as wilderness in the U .S. are bigger than the state of California.

[299] In wilderness, you can't run a chainsaw or drive a car or build a road.

[300] You can see the intent of the word untrammeled in the Wilderness Act.

[301] These are areas where humans do not direct what goes on in the environment.

[302] It is the forces of nature that affect the environment.

[303] The act goes on to define wilderness.

[304] This idea of wilderness, of land untouched by human hands, erases the long history of humans living in and shaping those ecosystems.

[305] As society waged a war on flames, fire, even if to make the land fertile and healthier, was forbidden.

[306] At times, the consequences for Native Americans were dire.

[307] Germain tells me about a newspaper account from Missoula in 1875.

[308] The beginning of November of that year, 183 lodges of Ponderay Indians were crossing the Rocky Mountains in the northwest corner of the territory.

[309] They were traveling east on a buffalo hunt when two of them were shot and killed by, quote, the officers of the International Line for setting a fire on the planes.

[310] So when people would leave in the late fall from, you know, so this was at the beginning of November, when they were returning home, they would set fire that would make the, you know, that would leave an ash layer that was a fertile seed bed.

[311] It would, the next year the grasses would be green.

[312] It was a way of restoring and maintaining the landscape.

[313] Pretty powerful disenfranchise incentive to continue your cultural practices when you're shot and killed.

[314] Germain, like Senior, sees the elimination of fire and what it means for the landscape as bound up with the elimination of culture and tribal people.

[315] In the absence of fire, native flora tribes relied upon for millennia have been overtaken and replaced by encroaching grasses, weeds, and other plants.

[316] In many cases, the knowledge and traditions that depend upon those plants and those ecosystems have withered away too.

[317] It's easy to understand that when people arrived on this landscape, that it was a landscape that was shaped and maintained by fire and that it was exquisitely beautiful.

[318] It's easy to understand that traditional knowledge of fire should be integrated into fire management practices.

[319] today.

[320] But man, that's hard to achieve.

[321] When we come back, what the tribe decides to do to the forest.

[322] NPR brings you the updates you need on the day's biggest headlines.

[323] The Senate narrowly passed the debt -sealing bill that will prevent the country from defaulting on its loans.

[324] Stories from across the world.

[325] Knowing how to forage and to live with the land is integral to a nice culture.

[326] And down your block.

[327] From CPR news, this is Colorado Matters.

[328] And you can find all of that and more in your pocket.

[329] Download the NPR app today.

[330] Now, back to the story.

[331] Back in the Jocko Prairie, junior and senior are showing us around.

[332] We got a fairly large, you know, 100 to 200 -year -old Ponderosa pine that's about 18 -inch in diameter.

[333] When we left off, Tribal elders and others on the reservation had decided that this forest had gotten too unhealthy.

[334] It was overgrown from decades of excluding fire.

[335] Cattle were ranging through, trampling grasses.

[336] It made it hard to fish or hunt.

[337] Native plants like Camus hadn't been seen there for decades.

[338] But how do you get from point A, this overgrown mess of a landscape, to point B, a healthy forest?

[339] It wasn't easy, but after a period of time, they finally convinced, at the right time, some leaders that agreed and moved the cattle out.

[340] So that's step one, getting the cattle out.

[341] But they still had to deal with the impacts of all that grazing and the lack of fire.

[342] And that meant, first off, thinning the area, coming through and cutting away some of that overgrown mess, especially the smaller trees in between.

[343] the healthier, older, bigger ones.

[344] And then, at long last, came through here in 2015, laid some fire on the ground, very low intensity.

[345] So that thinning cleared the way for a prescribed burn.

[346] Before the treatment, if a fire came through the dense brush and medium -sized trees, it could have laddered up the flames into the canopy.

[347] Everything could have burned.

[348] But the flames Jr. helped put on the ground burned the overgrowth and behaved more like a natural fire.

[349] It left the big tree standing and rejuvenated the soil for new growth.

[350] That was all part of the plan, but nobody expected what happened next.

[351] And the next spring, we came back in here to do just a survey, and that's when we witnessed that this entire prairie was just purple, completely purple.

[352] All the camis came back.

[353] This place has such a high hydrological water table in here that we didn't even know.

[354] Obviously, we would think by the structure of the stand, it was a more dry arid site, but it's got such a high water table in the springtime and then runs out and dries up more in the summer, which is perfect for Camus.

[355] And so with that fire, reintroduction, finally back into it, it just bloomed.

[356] I can't even guess how many years that Camus was in here dormant.

[357] And with finally the exclusion of cattle, just from stop suppressing it and then a rejuvenation of nutrients with the fire it just sprouted and it's come back every year.

[358] That regrowth has slowed just a little bit but that's because the work of burns like this one are never done.

[359] The area is on a plan to get burned again in a couple of years.

[360] That new fire will likely reignite the nutrients in the soil and keep the camus blooming.

[361] There's been really a shift of recognition of us or native tribes nationally, regionally, using fire and seeing the benefits from it, for sure.

[362] Early in this episode, I mentioned that prescribed burning in the West went down from 1998 to 2018.

[363] In that same time period, the Bureau of Indian Affairs was the only federal agency that saw its burning increased substantially.

[364] organizations like the indigenous people's burning network are also growing and helping amplify tribal knowledge around fire in northern California, the Great Lakes, the Southwest, and elsewhere.

[365] Let's zoom out a bit further.

[366] Native Americans have a long history of taking part in some of the federal government's biggest fights, despite centuries of oppression.

[367] Senior himself is a Vietnam veteran.

[368] So I felt that that war even though it took me, I still had that connection to the values of what, you know, why I am there, not necessarily because of the fighting, but the protection of what I left behind.

[369] Since the 1930s, indigenous people in the U .S. have played a significant role in the government's battle against wildfire, too.

[370] tens of thousands of Native Americans and Alaska Natives helped build the country's trail and forest infrastructure.

[371] Today, there are seven all -native elite firefighting crews across the country.

[372] And in spite of all the deep cultural connections to fire, intentionally setting fire to reservation land still presents many challenges.

[373] Here in the Jocko Prairie, Junior explains, there's still ways to go.

[374] There's still ways to go.

[375] obviously our forests aren't where we want them to be yet, and we're still striving to do that.

[376] We burn three to five thousand acres a year.

[377] I mean, I'd love to see us burn seven to ten, you know.

[378] Burning that much more land on the reservation or burning a bunch more land anywhere else in the country means building relationships with communities in the area who have to decide that having small amounts of smoke in the skies in certain times of the year beats out choking on smoke if a massive fire erupts.

[379] Junior says the tribe's forest management philosophy is based on using fire, not just suppressing it.

[380] I see our forests coming back to a more natural state where burning will be more acceptable.

[381] But I think going forward, there is an opportunity someday to really let fire play more of its natural role.

[382] It's a matter of, I think, using our knowledge and our tools properly, and we'll get there.

[383] Our tools of knowledge are our tools of the gifts that were given to us, the fire, whatever, just learn how to use them, and we'll get there.

[384] Senior used this language a lot, gifts.

[385] He says plants, animals, everything here is a gift to the earth, fire included.

[386] Junior sees it the same way.

[387] It's not only a gift to us, but it's more of a gift to the land.

[388] You know, that's how I've always looked at it.

[389] It's a recognition that it's a gift to the land.

[390] Junior says this open area could slow or even stop a raging fire.

[391] But fire resilience is just one small part of the bigger picture.

[392] I mean, just speaking on Camas specifically, that practice and that gathering in here was absent for, hundred years, I'd have to say.

[393] With the fire now, that practice can begin here.

[394] Cultural events can come back here.

[395] That teaching of that lost tradition in here can happen again.

[396] Not just with Camus, but when Camus comes back, other stuff comes back.

[397] It's not just one community, one plant.

[398] It's multiple things that start to happen.

[399] You know, as we open this stand -up, elk coming more.

[400] And as that happens, hunting happens more.

[401] Gathering of Camus happens more.

[402] It's not just focusing on one goal, there's a goal of all the ecosystem here.

[403] Senior has dedicated decades of his life to preserving culture on the Flathead Reservation.

[404] Sometimes it's hard, you know, especially in this day and age, it's hard to keep those values and traditions alive because things have so changed.

[405] And that's because we all forget who we are, where we come from.

[406] Me, I feel I'm fortunate enough that when I grew up in a time period, that I know who I am.

[407] I know where I come from, and I know what I need to do for the next generation.

[408] Bringing fire back to this landscape is a part of that work.

[409] You know, unfortunately, some of those elders that fought so hard for it weren't able to see the benefits of what happened to their work.

[410] And that's how we survived today.

[411] Those ancestors back then that fought so hard, they didn't benefit.

[412] What they were fighting for was not for them.

[413] It was for the generations that are here today.

[414] That's what life is about.

[415] It's not about me. It's not about you.

[416] It's about the next generation.

[417] That next generation depends on us, what we can do.

[418] I think this is a good example of the tribes.

[419] It's one of the tribal success stories, I guess, of what this country or what our aboriginal territories used to look like.

[420] The fire creates safety.

[421] It creates new growth.

[422] It creates a lot of different things.

[423] It's not the fear that hundreds of thousands of years ago that worried people.

[424] It was making sure that that fire, you know, played its role.

[425] But today, it says there's a lot of fear, a lot of misunderstanding because it's simple they don't know what the role is of fire.

[426] You know, it's something that you will not be able to control.

[427] And this country has tried to control everything.

[428] Standing there with junior and senior, the sound of the creek and breeze blowing in the Ponderosa, I was struck by this idea.

[429] the control we try to exert over the natural world.

[430] In episode two, historian Steve Pine talked about how the country's relationship with fire has long been one of control and domination.

[431] We're going to knock fire out of the landscape.

[432] It was a crazy ambition.

[433] Lots of scholars called a part of history we're in now, the Anthropocene.

[434] That anthro, it means people.

[435] It's a time when humans have impacted every part of the ecosystem.

[436] Wherever you look, in forests, in rivers, you can't escape the legacy of us and our crazy ambition to control and shape the world.

[437] But to Senior, this forest, and bringing fire back to it, shows that a different relationship with a natural world is possible.

[438] One that's not based on control, one in which humans and nature shape each other.

[439] It's things like that that people need to understand.

[440] You know, you can't control fire.

[441] That's part of who we are, part of nature, part of, you know, whatever it is.

[442] That's what we see here.

[443] That was an episode from the Fireline podcast.

[444] Big thanks to our own Victor Iveyas who helped produce and edit that series for Montana Public Radio.

[445] And thanks to our current intern, Ania Steinberg.

[446] For her story, he's just 23 chromosomes.

[447] And if you have an idea or like something you heard on the show, please write us at Thuline at npr .org or hit us up on Twitter at ThruLine NPR.

[448] Also, we want to hear your voice on our show.

[449] Send us a voicemail at 872 -58 -88 -8 -805.

[450] With your name, where you're from, and the line you're listening to ThruLine from NPR.

[451] And we'll get you in there.

[452] That's 872 -58 -88 -8 -805.

[453] Thanks for listening.

[454] Support for this podcast and the following message come from Wise, the app that makes managing your money in different currencies easy.

[455] With Wise, you can send and spend money internationally at the mid -market exchange rate, no guesswork, and no hidden fees.

[456] Learn more about how Wise could work for you at Wise .com.