Bullshit Jobs

[0] Head -up, parents.

[1] If you didn't notice it in the title, our topic today is bullshit jobs.

[2] That bleep you just heard?

[3] It won't be in the rest of the episode.

[4] This is Hidden Brain.

[5] I'm Shankar Vedantam.

[6] Many of us at some point in our careers have had jobs that seem pointless.

[7] I once had a bullshit job working as a work -study student when I was in college.

[8] I passed out flyers for the streetcar during one summer.

[9] and I could not figure out why I was doing that.

[10] I've had some temp jobs where I've literally sat in the closet.

[11] Jobs where you ask yourself, what am I even doing here?

[12] Like really, what is my actual role at this company?

[13] If I disappeared tomorrow, would anyone notice?

[14] I was doing some paper filing, but they didn't have that much paper filing, and for a week I sat in a supply closet.

[15] Doing expense reports and creating like a new piece of paper for every single transaction item on every receipt.

[16] for every single thing that expense, like down to, like, the most minimal thing.

[17] This week, we're looking at jobs that feel so pointless, so gut -wrenchingly boring, that they are, in the words of one expert, bullshit.

[18] If you don't have one of these jobs yourself, you probably know someone who does, like the guy binging YouTube videos on his computer at work or the woman who always seems to be playing solitaire.

[19] So it was almost all office workers, almost all people who had jobs where, you know, see them there and you kind of wonder, is that kind of really doing anything?

[20] Well, it turns out, you know, they're not.

[21] Why do these jobs exist?

[22] Why do they seem to be proliferating?

[23] And what effects do these jobs have on us?

[24] The American TV show The Office tells the story of a paper supply company in Pennsylvania.

[25] People show up at work, but it's not always clear what they're doing.

[26] A lot of the time, people invent pranks or distractions.

[27] You put my stuff in jello again.

[28] board.

[29] Many of them want to find meaning in their work, but what they are doing is pointless.

[30] You want me to write down people's indefinable qualities.

[31] I want you to write down everything that people are doing all day and then type it up in a way that is helpful.

[32] Michael Scott, the boss played by Steve Corral, leads the way.

[33] I don't want to work.

[34] I just want to bang on this mug all day.

[35] Did you ask me here for any specific reason?

[36] David Graber has spent quite a bit of time thinking about the many, many real -life versions of Michael Scott.

[37] He's a professor of anthropology at the London School of Economics, and he's the author of the book, Bullshit Jobs, a theory.

[38] David, welcome to Hidden Brain.

[39] Oh, thank you.

[40] So you wrote this essay a couple of years ago that has now turned into a book, and you described an entire category of jobs, you call these bullshit jobs, and they're not necessarily menial jobs or boring jobs, but they're almost always pointless jobs.

[41] Yes.

[42] There are actually quite rarely menial.

[43] I mean, there are some cases where people, say, hired as a museum garden, told to guard a room with nothing in it.

[44] That would be both menial and boring.

[45] But most often, these jobs are, if nothing else, prestigious and well paid.

[46] A lot of jobs like this are in middle management.

[47] They're clerical, managerial, administrative sort of positions.

[48] Or their positions in PR, marketing, human resources, almost invariably, they are well paid, with good benefits, and he got a lot of prestige, you know, yet at the same time, the people who do them are often report themselves genuinely miserable.

[49] You know, they feel they're living a lie, and not only that, they're living a lie against their will.

[50] They'd really rather be doing something useful with their lives.

[51] So when you wrote this essay a couple of years ago, I'm not quite sure you anticipated this, but the response to the essay was extraordinary.

[52] People wrote in from all over the world saying, help, I'm stuck in a BS job.

[53] Yeah, I mean, all over the world.

[54] People seem to recognize themselves in the story I told.

[55] And the story I told was almost a joke.

[56] You go to these parties and you talk to people who are married to academics or, you know, in the business world.

[57] And what do you do?

[58] And often it's to say, oh, nothing really.

[59] And, you know, at first they thought they're just being modest or don't think their job is very interesting, but, you know, apply them of a few drinks.

[60] And eventually they will often admit that they meant it literally.

[61] They literally do nothing.

[62] So I wrote this little piece where I basically said, well, you know, back in the 30s, they thought we'd be working a 15 -hour week by now.

[63] They thought that, you know, mechanization would meanly be living lives of leisure.

[64] But instead of just, you know, decreasing the working week, what they seem to have done is this made up these imaginary jobs to keep us all busy.

[65] It's almost as if there's like some fiendish intelligence making up a pointless positions for us to do.

[66] How did this happen?

[67] And I wrote this piece, and it just went crazy.

[68] I really didn't anticipate anything like it.

[69] And all over the world, people were translating it, distributing it, the server kept crashing.

[70] Then they put it in newspapers, would run it as a column, and you'd get these comment sections, which are just amazing.

[71] People would say things like, oh, my God, it's true.

[72] I'm a corporate lawyer.

[73] I contribute nothing to humanity.

[74] I'm just miserable all the time.

[75] Confessions started pouring out, so I realized this was a much larger phenomena than I had even imagined.

[76] I understand that polls have been conducted asking people, do you think, your job is meaningless, do you think your job is pointless?

[77] What do they tell us?

[78] Well, yeah, that actually surprised maybe is even after the outpouring on the internet, I thought, okay, you know, maybe 15, 20 % of jobs are like this.

[79] And remember, these are people who think their own jobs are pointless.

[80] I mean, I'm not going to go and tell somebody who feels his job is meaningful that they're wrong, but, you know, if you feel you're not doing anything all day, who would know better than you.

[81] All right.

[82] So after a while, they conducted to some surveys.

[83] And one of them was UGov.

[84] And then later they did another one in Holland, and they both came up with pretty much exactly the same results.

[85] Between 37 to 40 percent of all people who had jobs were convinced that if their job didn't exist, it would make no difference at all.

[86] That is a huge number, David.

[87] It's insane.

[88] I had no idea.

[89] And that's the people who are sure of it.

[90] You know, only 50 percent of people were sure their jobs made a difference, absolutely.

[91] And if you think about all the types of jobs there are no one would possibly doubt that they're fulfilling a useful social function.

[92] I mean, you know, I'm sure the number of bus drivers, the number of nurses, the number of mechanics and repairment, also service workers, actually.

[93] You know, I eventually asked people to send in testimonies and stories about their most pointless jobs and almost none of them were in service or retail.

[94] It was almost all office workers, almost all people who had jobs where, you know, you kind of see them there and you kind of wonder, Is that kind of really doing anything?

[95] Well, it turns out, you know, they're not.

[96] You know, David, in your book, you described the story of Kurt, who's a German military subcontractor, and he feels his job is utterly pointless.

[97] Why does he feel this way?

[98] Yes, this is one of the first really elaborate examples I got of the kind of job I was talking about, given to me spontaneously by someone on the web.

[99] He said, you know, I'm a subcontractual.

[100] to a subcontractor to a subcontractor, all private firms who work for the German military.

[101] And he said, you know, because of outsourcing, if a German soldier wants to move his desktop computer from one office to another, he actually has to fill out a bunch of forms.

[102] He calls human resources.

[103] They call logistics.

[104] They call me. Kurt, they must have this computer umstrel.

[105] And I have to drive 500.

[106] kilometers sometimes.

[107] If we rent a car, drive to wherever the military base is, fill out a raft of forms, put the thing in a box, it goes down the hall, somebody else takes out of the box, gives me another form to sign, and then I drive home.

[108] And that's his entire job.

[109] And one of the interesting things about these jobs is people were often very confused about how much people knew and how much they could admit.

[110] You know, does my supervisor know that I spend most of the day actually making cat memes?

[111] Do they know?

[112] Do they know?

[113] I'm playing computer games?

[114] Am I allowed to say, you know, to what degree do my coworkers know?

[115] Can I tell them?

[116] You know, there's all these questions that people have.

[117] How much do I have to pretend to work?

[118] And how much am I just allowed to be seen to be just kicking back?

[119] And people are very nervous about this.

[120] There are all these gray zones.

[121] They'll hire someone an engineer in case the air conditioner's break.

[122] For some reason, they find it impossible to just say, well, you're just here in case the air conditioners break.

[123] Otherwise, try to keep people out of people's way and let them, you know, play cards or, you know, surf the internet or do whatever they like all day.

[124] Somehow that's not allowed.

[125] So they have to make up these rituals or at the very least you have to pretend to be working because it's considered somehow insulting not to.

[126] And often people really suffered from that.

[127] The fact that, A, they had to pretend to some degree.

[128] They couldn't just pursue their own projects.

[129] And B, they're never quite quite a. They're never quite sure how much they were allowed to pretend.

[130] This actually leads us to a story that you described about your own life.

[131] You and some friends signed up to be dishwashers.

[132] And something happened on the job.

[133] Right.

[134] Something happened on the job that made you think about the role of time in how work is constructed.

[135] Tell me that story.

[136] Okay.

[137] This is the very first job I had.

[138] I think I was 14 years old, maybe 15.

[139] And it was at a beach resort.

[140] And I got a job working as a dish.

[141] dishwasher in the kitchen.

[142] And there's a whole bunch of us who were hired at the same time.

[143] We're all about 15 years old.

[144] And being 15 year old boys, you know, when the big rush came, we took it on as a challenge.

[145] You were like, okay, we are going to be the very best dishwashers of all time, you know, we're going to be so fast.

[146] We're going to be so efficient.

[147] The boss is going to be really impressed.

[148] So, you know, we went at it and we like finished it in record time and had this huge sparkling pile of dishes and kind of kicked back.

[149] The boss came in, we were showing off our handiwork, and he was like, what the hell are you guys just sitting around for?

[150] I said, well, we just finished all the dishes.

[151] And I said, yeah, well, keep working.

[152] You're on my time.

[153] You can lounge around on your own time.

[154] And we were like, what do you mean?

[155] I mean, you know, there's nothing to do.

[156] And he said, well, clean the baseboards.

[157] And said, well, we already cleaned the baseboards.

[158] So we realized that there's this kind of weird idea that there's like my time.

[159] and your time.

[160] If I have paid you money, I own your time and you're not allowed to just kick back.

[161] You're not allowed to, you know, there's no point in working fast.

[162] That's what we've basically learned.

[163] Don't be too efficient because then they'll just make up work.

[164] And that, that experience of doing work that you know isn't necessary just because the boss doesn't want to see you being idle is really degrading.

[165] And it got me to thinking, this concept of my time.

[166] How can your time belong to someone else?

[167] How can you rent time?

[168] And I started doing a little research, and I realized, not at the time, but since, that this is a really weird concept that just never would have occurred to most people who've ever lived.

[169] In the ancient world, if you see a potter, if you're an ancient Roman or an ancient Greek, you know, you could see a potter and you could imagine buying the pots.

[170] That's easy, right?

[171] You can imagine buying the potter.

[172] They had slavery.

[173] but the idea that you could rent the potter's time was just bizarre.

[174] It just never would have occurred to anybody.

[175] It takes a whole series of very complicated, philosophical, and also technological changes that make it possible to take time, make it into uniform units that can then therefore be bought and sold.

[176] You teach at the London School of Economics, but before that you worked at Yale University.

[177] In your book, David, you point out that the cost of education has skyrocketed in many parts of the world.

[178] the reason isn't that teachers are being paid more than they were before.

[179] Instead, you say, universities have gone out and hired an army of workers who are doing BS jobs.

[180] Yeah, this is actually really marked in America.

[181] And in America, I have the statistics.

[182] The number of administrators has gone up quite sharply, much more so than teachers.

[183] But even more important than that, the number of administrative staff has just skyrocketed.

[184] It's like 240 % increase over the last 30 years.

[185] So administrative staff basically mean all those guys who work for the deans, for the vice provost, all these endless positions are constantly making up.

[186] And what seems to be going on is that these people are being hired essentially for little reason other than making the people now running the universities who are no longer the teachers, no longer the professors, but rather top admin.

[187] administrators, basically feel good about themselves, feel important.

[188] They hire these guys who are basically there almost like feudal retainers.

[189] You know, I get hired as a vice provost.

[190] So obviously I need four or five assistants.

[191] You know, they decide what the assistants will actually do later.

[192] Assistance trying to figure out something to do.

[193] So the assistants is, I know, I'll fill out, you know, I'll do a time allocation study.

[194] And then suddenly people like me have to spend like hours every week filling out time allocation.

[195] education studies, breaking down exactly what I do at every hour of the day.

[196] So I can't actually do stuff because I'm filling out the forms.

[197] And this is how it works.

[198] Like, the more of these guys there are in these bullshit jobs, the less time the people with real jobs have to actually do their work.

[199] And this isn't just universities.

[200] I mean, the same thing's happening in hospitals.

[201] More and more hospital administrators means nurses have to spend more and more time doing paperwork and less time nursing.

[202] Primary school, same thing.

[203] Teachers have to spend all their time in meetings and reports.

[204] Okay, by this point you might be looking around at fellow commuters, at co -workers, at friends, and asking yourself, which people find their work boring and pointless?

[205] It turns out, there are tells to identify people doing bullshit jobs.

[206] Stay with us.

[207] Working a bullshit job might feel like an exercise in futility, a task that seems completely pointless.

[208] In truth, there's a perverse logic that's a perverse logic that's.

[209] shapes how and why these jobs come to be.

[210] David Graber has brought an anthropologist's eye to the life of the board office worker, and he's come up with a classification system for different kinds of BS jobs.

[211] The first category is something he calls a duct taper.

[212] Rather than fix serious headaches, many organizations take the easy route.

[213] They paper over the problem.

[214] David has a revealing story from his own life.

[215] This was quite early on in my time in the UK university system, and they had this shelf in my office.

[216] I was always a little worried about it.

[217] It seemed kind of precarious.

[218] And one day, it just completely ripped out of the wall.

[219] There was this huge gaping hole in the wall.

[220] There was this mangled metal hanging over my desk.

[221] There's obviously no way I could fix it myself.

[222] And so I called buildings and grounds.

[223] You know, they said, okay, we'll send a carpenter.

[224] And it took about a week and a half for the carpenter to show up.

[225] And people in the office were calling.

[226] I was calling.

[227] Everybody was calling.

[228] And it became this daily ritual.

[229] And I gradually realized there's one guy.

[230] We always got the same guy whose entire job seemed to consist of apologizing for the fact that the carpenter is very busy and couldn't come.

[231] And one day it occurred to me like, well, why don't they just fire that guy and hire a second?

[232] carpenter.

[233] Because then they won't need him, right?

[234] And I mentioned this to various people, and they looked at me like, yeah, right, that would ever happen.

[235] And I realized that this is a perfect example of a bullshit job.

[236] His job is only necessitated because the system is stupidly constructed.

[237] So he's there to, it's the equivalent of if you had a leak in the roof, instead of fixing the roof, you hire some guy to empty a bucket every hour.

[238] You know, it's a totally, pointless position.

[239] And gradually, I realize that in the software industry, at least, this is called duct taping.

[240] I want to talk about a second category of bullshit jobs, David.

[241] This one involves managers who come up with meaningless assignments for their subordinates.

[242] You call them taskmasters?

[243] That's right.

[244] Now, a taskmaster is a type of bullshit job, which involves, there's two different types, actually.

[245] One of them is simply a supervisor of people who don't need supervision.

[246] And a lot of middle managers wrote to me and said that they had that kind of job.

[247] Often they'd done a certain job.

[248] They got promoted to management, so they knew what was entailed doing the job, and they knew that basically they didn't need supervision at all, but they had to pretend they were supervising them anyway.

[249] But another type is exactly what I was describing in the case of universities.

[250] People whose job seems to end up being creating paperwork and unnecessary tasks for other people to do.

[251] So, again, to go back to the middle management example, say you did have a job and you got promoted to supervising that job and you knew that they didn't need supervision.

[252] Gradually, you would realize that rather than just sit here all day, probably the best thing you could do to make look good to your boss is to create some kind of target system, you know, give them paperwork to do to make sure they're hitting their targets, and then there'll be something to file and process, and you'll have something that you can do.

[253] The classic example comes from the story of a woman named Chloe.

[254] She was one of the few people who was in academic administration in the higher echelons who is willing to come forward and admit this to me. She said, well, you know, I took on this job as a non -executive dean.

[255] It says non -executive basically means you have no power, you don't control money, so you're strategic.

[256] You're supposed to come up with ideas, but you have no real ability to make anybody do that.

[257] Essentially, she had a pointless job, because she would come up with a plan and then nobody would pay any attention.

[258] However, she was given three assistants.

[259] Again, that's what happens.

[260] As soon as you get a prestigious position, they immediately give you assistance, and then you have to figure out something for them to do.

[261] In her case, none of them had any obvious function, so she had to spend her time making up things for them to do so they wouldn't get in trouble for just sitting around.

[262] So you can have BS jobs to help the boss feel like he's actually necessary when he isn't.

[263] You can have BS jobs that are designed to paper over problems that an organization cannot or does not want to fix.

[264] David also describes a third type of BS job.

[265] On the surface, these jobs are not pointless, but the only reason an organization has them is because other organizations have them.

[266] David calls the people who work these jobs goons.

[267] I asked him what he meant by the term.

[268] I had to make that up because so many people wrote to me with jobs that I hadn't really anticipated.

[269] jobs which involved a certain element of aggression, which might have seemed necessary or helpful to the corporation.

[270] They weren't completely useless, but that the people doing them felt shouldn't exist anyway, largely because they felt the entire industry or profession was unnecessary.

[271] So telemarketers were a great example.

[272] Telemarketers felt strongly that, I mean, 95 % were a great example.

[273] percent of telemarketers, I'm sure, feel strongly that if all telemarketers were to vanish in a puff of smoke, the world would be a better place.

[274] But a lot of corporate lawyers feel that way, too.

[275] I mean, you know, sure, there's some higher -ups who would argue no corporate law is very important.

[276] It holds things together.

[277] But, you know, most corporate lawyers I've talked to, usually the lower -ranking ones, will say, oh, come on.

[278] I mean, if this entire industry were to disappear, it would be great.

[279] You know, I mean, you only need a corporate lawyer, but somebody else has to be.

[280] a corporate lawyer.

[281] It's a little like a feudal lord.

[282] You know, I mean, they always say feudal lords are there to protect the peasants, right?

[283] That's their justification for taking futile rents.

[284] But, you know, if you really look into the matter, who are they protecting the peasants from other feudal lords?

[285] So, you know, if there were no feudal lords, feudal lords would be unnecessary.

[286] So that's why I call them goons.

[287] There's an element of aggression there.

[288] But on the other hand, you know, they're only there because other such aggressive people exist.

[289] David says another BS job is the flunky.

[290] These jobs primarily exist to make someone or something look impressive.

[291] Classic flunkies of the past have included things like Dorman or footmen.

[292] You know, I always wonder what a footman actually was.

[293] You always read about them in Alice in Wonderland in these 19th century books.

[294] You know, what a footman were?

[295] They were the guys who wore these really, you know, fancy military -looking uniforms.

[296] But the thing they actually did was they ran in front of people's carriages looking for bumps in the road.

[297] So, you know, the whole idea is if I have a servant just to do this one basically kind of superfluous, not really totally necessary thing, I'm really rich and important, so you should know that.

[298] And that's a classic flunky.

[299] Often flunkies will be assigned one very minor task.

[300] sort of like the guy who tweezers the Lord's mustache before a joust or something like that.

[301] But really, they're just there so that everybody can know I've got lots of servants.

[302] But in the corporate world is very much the same, because in the corporate world, the actual status of an executive is often measured by how many people work under.

[303] So he has no incentive to get rid of unnecessary employees.

[304] And in fact, you often find people.

[305] saying, yeah, I'm just there to make someone else look important or seem important.

[306] Receptionists often say that.

[307] You know, obviously some receptionists are very busy and have a real job.

[308] But there are some receptionists who, you know, maybe they get one phone call a day too.

[309] Otherwise, they change the candy bowl or, you know, water the plants or something.

[310] But basically they're just sitting around.

[311] So why do they have a receptionist at all?

[312] You know, if it's just one call a day, they could just take the call themselves, right?

[313] The reason why is because if you don't of a receptionist, you don't look like a real corporation.

[314] One reason that companies end up with BS jobs is that it's sometimes difficult or impossible or unpleasant to get rid of people who are not functioning well.

[315] You mentioned the example of the guy who's apologizing for the carpenter not showing up.

[316] Now, it could just be that getting rid of that guy and hiring another carpenter might be administratively onerous.

[317] So talk to me about this idea that part of the problem I'd actually just be, you know, rigidity in how organizations work.

[318] And instead of basically, you know, getting rid of the person you don't want and finding the person you do want, you end up sometimes just keeping the person you don't want, or now hiring an additional person to come in and do the job that you actually do need to get done.

[319] That was one of my favorite examples, actually, because, you know, the taskmasters are obviously the ones where it's most difficult to get them to fess up and send in testimonies about what's going on.

[320] But I got a couple.

[321] And one of them said exactly, that.

[322] One reason that you end up getting so many bullshit jobs in large bureaucracies is if someone has seniority and, you know, good reports, well, it's almost impossible to fire them.

[323] So if suddenly they become a drunk or just, you know, lose interest in the job, become bad at what they do, the easiest thing to do instead of getting rid of them is to hire someone else to do their job.

[324] But if you hire someone else to do their job, you can't admit that they're doing their job, right?

[325] so you have to make up a different job.

[326] And then often you have to walk them through, get them, you know, tell them what to put on their CV so they look like they can do this other thing, even though really they're going to be doing, you know, what the drunk guy does.

[327] And, you know, so you have these elaborate rituals of creating dummy jobs.

[328] And then, you know, when that guy goes, you might need to hire someone to actually do the made -up job.

[329] And it just becomes endlessly Machiavellian and elaborate.

[330] What we're doing here, Michael handles more of the big picture stuff, and I handle more of the day -to -day stuff.

[331] Yeah.

[332] So together...

[333] I think I understand.

[334] All right.

[335] Each of you is doing half a job.

[336] And sometimes I can hardly handle that.

[337] When we come back, the psychological consequences of working in a job that you not only find boring, but that you think is meaningless.

[338] I want to talk about the range of psychological effects that you describe, that arise from doing these kinds of BS jobs.

[339] And I want to begin with research that you cite that was done amongst babies that you say sort of shows the value of meaningful work.

[340] What was the research?

[341] Yeah, that was really interesting.

[342] I'd heard this expression and I'd always stuck in my head, the pleasure at being a cause.

[343] It always made sense to me somehow.

[344] You know, a lot of what we do, it seems fun, doesn't seem to have any point, but it's just like knowing that you can do things itself is kind of fun.

[345] And indeed, there was a German psychologist who was trying to come up with a theory of play, actually.

[346] And he noticed something very interesting.

[347] He noticed that infants, when they're first trying to figure out who they are.

[348] Because, you know, at first, infants don't even really understand that they are a discrete entity separate from the world around them.

[349] Where they stop and the world starts is not clear to them, you know.

[350] They're kind of continuous with their mother.

[351] continuous, their environment.

[352] Okay, so babies actually figure out that they are a discrete entity at the moment they realize they can have predictable effects on the world.

[353] So there's some point where a child say they're moving their arm around and they move something on the table, like move a pencil.

[354] And they realize if they move their arm in the same way, the pencil will move in the same way as well.

[355] And the moment where they realize that, there's this sort of feeling of incredible happiness comes over a child.

[356] You can see them just like absolute joy and light, like, wow, I can move a pencil.

[357] This is great.

[358] It'll happen the same way every time.

[359] And that moment, they say, is the moment you realize that you are something different from the world.

[360] You know, you're a thing that can have effects on the world.

[361] And what they argue is that sense of self is tied up with that kind of joyous realization that you can have effects on the world.

[362] What happens when small children are prevented from influencing their worlds?

[363] David says they experience a decline in well -being and efficacy.

[364] Kids freak out.

[365] You know, they go from being incredibly happy to being really confused and upset.

[366] You're blocked from having any meaningful effect on the world around you.

[367] You kind of collapse.

[368] Now, I really think that's what's happening in the case of bullshit jobs.

[369] People suddenly become incredibly depressed.

[370] They lose all motivation.

[371] They don't understand why they, feel that way.

[372] That's, you know, in a way they think I should be happy, right, on getting paid money to do nothing, something for nothing.

[373] That's a great deal.

[374] But why am I so miserable?

[375] I think that's the reason.

[376] I remember once talking with Peter Ubel, he's a researcher at Duke University.

[377] He once conducted a study.

[378] He told volunteers that they could sit silently, you know, no iPhones, no distractions, nothing for five minutes.

[379] And if they did that, they would get $2 .50.

[380] He also told them that they could spend the time solving very, very difficult problems.

[381] And he asked them, how much would they want to be paid for doing the puzzles instead of doing nothing?

[382] Here's what Ubel told me. We found that the large majority of the students said we'd have to pay them more than $2 .50 to solve the word puzzles.

[383] And yet, when we actually finished the five minutes and asked them how much they enjoyed those five minutes, the people solving the word puzzles enjoyed the five minutes significantly more.

[384] And yet very few of them said, yeah, pay me $2 and I'd be happy to do word puzzles because at least I'll be having fun.

[385] One implication from the study, David, is that people don't fully appreciate all the dimensions of a job when they apply for it.

[386] So you might think, hey, it's great to get paid money for doing absolutely nothing, but the issue of boredom, the issue of meaninglessness, the issue of pointlessness, these things become salient only after you've started doing the job.

[387] So in some ways, are psychological biases partly to blame for the proliferation of BS jobs?

[388] Well, I think it's partly, too, that we're all taught that people want something for nothing.

[389] I mean, think about economics.

[390] What does economics teach you?

[391] Basically, that we all want something for nothing, that, you know, people wish to get the maximum benefit for the least expenditure of time and resources, an effort.

[392] So, you know, according to economics, anybody who's handed a job where they're paid good money to do nothing should be happy as a clam, you know.

[393] But so one of the strange things is that people don't understand why they aren't happy.

[394] They were given this false assumption about what people are basically about and what people are basically like.

[395] You argue that there are even spiritual consequences of BS jobs, and one of them is something that you call scriptlessness.

[396] What do you mean by that?

[397] I remember being very impressed by a psychological study which looked at people, you know, sort of looked at times they'd been in love or people had been in love with them when they were teenagers and how they'd managed to integrate these.

[398] experienced, especially unrequited love.

[399] And what they found out was that, you know, if you're in love with someone who does not return your feelings, well, you know, it's difficult, but you can come up with a story about it.

[400] You know, people had come to terms of it.

[401] They almost remembered the incidents fondly 20 years later.

[402] It was the people who had other people who were in love with them who didn't actually feel the same way about them, who were still kind of hurting.

[403] They were really confused.

[404] They felt guilty, but they felt indignant.

[405] They just didn't know how to feel.

[406] And one of the reasons why they suggest it is because, you know, if you're in love with someone who doesn't love you, you know exactly how you're supposed to feel.

[407] There's like 2 ,000 years of literature telling you exactly how you're supposed to feel, how you're supposed to behave, what's appropriate, what isn't.

[408] Whereas if you're on the other side, you're pretty much at a loss.

[409] You know, there are no novels written from the point of view of Roxanne instead of, you know, Sirono.

[410] And so those people didn't have a script.

[411] And in a very similar way, it seems like bullshit jobs put one in a similar situation.

[412] You don't know how you're supposed to feel about this.

[413] You should be happy, but you're not.

[414] You don't know if you can talk about it.

[415] You don't know who you can confer.

[416] There's no kind of anchor to give yourself a sense of what's going on or what you should think or do about it.

[417] One of the most interesting ideas you explore is that in many countries we have a fetish about work.

[418] We think a person who's working a job, even if it's a BS job, is in some ways a better human being than the person who's just hanging out.

[419] So it seems like there's a moral component to this whole belief structure.

[420] Absolutely.

[421] I think this cannot be understood except through looking at the history of, well, for one thing, religion.

[422] I mean, if you look at the story of the Garden of Eden, or even Hesiod's story of Prometheus, they both have the same basic theme, which is that, you know, we have to work because we disobeyed the gods, or we disobeyed God.

[423] You know, we rebelled and we were punished, and gods are seen as creators.

[424] So in a way, we are punished.

[425] They said, do you want to be like God?

[426] Fine, be like God.

[427] You can create the world, but it'll be painful and miserable.

[428] So there's this notion that A, work is productive and B, that it is suffering, and that it's kind of our punishment for our own arrogance.

[429] But at the same time, it's seen as moralizing, you know, through working, we become an adult, become a real mature, self -contained, like, human being, as opposed to kids who are just all over the place, right?

[430] You know, through work, you become an adult.

[431] So all of these ideas, work as production, work as punishment, work as necessary to retain maturity, all kind of bundled together.

[432] And what's happened is that there is this idea now that if you're not doing something, something you don't really enjoy, you're not working harder at it than you really want to be working.

[433] Preferably for someone you don't like very much, you know, you're just a bad person.

[434] You're not a real adult, certainly, and you're probably just some lazy parasite who doesn't deserve the help or support of their community.

[435] And that idea has been just drilled into people, like, incessantly for the last 30, 40 years.

[436] Isn't it possible that there are actually jobs that people might find meaningless or pointless, but that are, in fact, useful or essential?

[437] I mean, to take your example, it does seem absurd to ask Kurt drive, you know, 100 miles to help move a computer 15 feet.

[438] But maybe they have found, I'm just tossing this out, when you factor in liability or regulations or some other set of rules, that this is indeed the cheapest way to do something.

[439] So isn't it possible that at least in some cases, bullshit jobs have a purpose that might be invisible to the person who's working the job?

[440] Well, it's possible.

[441] And no doubt there are a few cases like that.

[442] But I think that the number of cases like that must be far outnumbered by the number of cases where it's the other way around.

[443] Because, after all, if there is some way that Kurt's job is really necessary, it seems unlikely that no one's going to explain that to him.

[444] On the other hand, you know, if you are working for a magazine that it turns out doesn't really exist, I had an example like that.

[445] A magazine that doesn't exist?

[446] Yeah, she was writing for travel magazine.

[447] You know, one of those ones they have in airplanes, and gradually she figured out that it's a scam, you know.

[448] Actually, there is no such magazine.

[449] They have this whole office full of people preparing copy and illustrations for a magazine that it never is actually printed.

[450] Wait, wait, why were they doing that?

[451] She wasn't quite sure.

[452] She thought it might have to do a tax write -off or they got a grant or some sort of like, you know, there's some financial scam going on.

[453] There's lots of things like that going on.

[454] So if you're involved in a scam or something like that, you know, of course, that's a very thing they won't tell you.

[455] So, you know, if there's a way that your job seems pointless but it's useful, chances are someone is going to explain that to you just because, you know, you want your workers to be motivated.

[456] On the other hand, you know, if you're writing reports for a central office and, you know, the central office just takes the reports and files them and never reads them, probably they're not going to tell you that.

[457] I want to talk about the idea that jobs in some ways are jobs.

[458] You know, they pay the bills, they cover the mortgage, they allow us to go on vacations.

[459] I want to play your clip from the movie Dinner with Schmucks where the lead character explains to his girlfriend why he works at a job that he doesn't love.

[460] There's you and the me that you know, and we love each other, and we have a wonderful life.

[461] But then there's the me that you don't know.

[462] And the me that you don't know has to do things sometimes so that you and the me that you know can live in this nice apartment and eat at nice restaurants and go to Cabo for Christmas.

[463] He takes care of us.

[464] You know what?

[465] There should not be any you.

[466] I don't know.

[467] But there is.

[468] You might not like him.

[469] I don't like him.

[470] I hate him, but we need him.

[471] You know, it's like the CIA.

[472] The CIA?

[473] Mm -hmm.

[474] The CIA does some pretty funky, nasty stuff in the shadows, but I, for one, am glad they're there.

[475] What do you think, David?

[476] If we didn't have BS jobs, how would millions of people get paid?

[477] Well, there's a lot of ways you could solve that problem.

[478] Probably the easiest one would be just pay everybody and then let them sort out what they do for themselves.

[479] Because we have this idea that's drilled into our heads that people want something for nothing.

[480] But as I say, the very fact that people who are actually paid to do nothing are so unhappy shows that that's not really true.

[481] People really do want to have an effect on the world around them.

[482] I always give the example of prisons.

[483] Obviously, in America, you know, they basically force people to work.

[484] But even where they don't, you know, where they have really nice prisons, they use withdrawing your work privileges as a way of punishing you.

[485] That is to say, you know, given a choice between sitting around playing cards or watching TV all day and pressing shorts in the prison laundry room, you know, even these mostly rather antisocial people, you know, would actually rather work than just sit around.

[486] So people want to work.

[487] So I kind of support universal basic income.

[488] I've kind of come around to the position that that's probably the best solution.

[489] If we just give people, you know, we say like, okay, all this technology, all these robots, you know, it's produced collectively by all of us.

[490] It's not like one person came up with that.

[491] That's a product of, you know, us and our ancestors doing hundreds of years of thinking and laboring.

[492] So let's pay us all back for that work, you know.

[493] Let's give everybody a basic income and leave it up to you to decide what to do.

[494] To be sure, a universal basic income is a controversial idea.

[495] Also, while it would take care of essential needs, a basic income wouldn't buy people lots of dinners in fine restaurants or vacations in Cabo.

[496] David's underlying point, though, is that instead of aspiring for greater material wealth, we should all seek more leisure time.

[497] I know perfectly well that there's lots of societies, most societies, where people work distinctly less than they do today.

[498] You know, probably the average oppressed medieval serf worked about half of what we work.

[499] But certainly people in other societies can be found to work two or three hours a day maximum.

[500] So what do they do?

[501] They come up with incredibly interesting things to do.

[502] You know, we'd all be sitting around in cafes, gossiping and the gossip would get really interesting, you know, because people would have enough time to have lives.

[503] We just don't know what it's like to actually have a life anymore, a lot of us.

[504] If I didn't have to work and I still have money coming in, I would be in a developing country in Africa, helping people learn and participate in the democratic process and get rid of leaders who don't support their interests.

[505] I'd love to be in like a cover band.

[506] I think that would be a lot of fun.

[507] Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath, you know, those kind of genres.

[508] If I didn't have to work, I go to Asia.

[509] You know, I would ensure that those individuals that have substance use disorder were really taken care of on an equitable level.

[510] I mean, I like to go to space.

[511] Yeah.

[512] If I have money, and if I can do anything, I love to see the planet from up there.

[513] David Graber is a professor of anthropology at the London School of Economics.

[514] He studies theories of value and social constructs.

[515] He's the author of the book, Bullshad Jobs.

[516] David, thanks for joining me today on Hidden Brain.

[517] It's been a real pleasure.

[518] This week's episode was produced by Adati Ban Labudi with help from Parth Shah and Laura Querell.

[519] It was edited by Tara Boyle.

[520] Our team includes Jenny Schmidt, Raina Cohen, and Thomas Liu.

[521] Special thanks to Dan Charles.

[522] Our unsung hero this week is Samuel Alwyn Mosley, a producer at the BBC.

[523] There are lots of logistical details that go into coordinating an interview, particularly when a guest is overseas.

[524] David Graber was in London when we spoke with him, and Samuel took care of all those little details to make sure the conversation went smoothly.

[525] Thank you, Samuel.

[526] If you've escaped from a bullshit job and have advice for listeners in a similar situation, share your story with us on social media either by tagging us in the post or with a hashtag BS jobs.

[527] I'm Shankar Vedantam, and this is NPR.